{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:38:07Z","timestamp":1760143087095,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41631175","42071364","KYCX21_1347","201050622RS029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41631175","42071364","KYCX21_1347","201050622RS029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["41631175","42071364","KYCX21_1347","201050622RS029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41631175","42071364","KYCX21_1347","201050622RS029"]}]},{"name":"Start-up Funding for Qualified Professional People of Nanjing Vocational University of Industry Technology","award":["41631175","42071364","KYCX21_1347","201050622RS029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41631175","42071364","KYCX21_1347","201050622RS029"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sketch maps are an abstract and conceptual expression of humans\u2019 cognition of geographic space. Humans perceive geographical space at different spatial scales. However, few researchers have considered the spatial relationships of geographic elements in sketch maps at multiple spatial scales. Considering the meso and micro spatial scales, this study analyses the accuracy of the spatial relationships depicted in 52 sketch maps of urban areas, including qualitative orientation, order, qualitative distance, and topological relationships. We utilized OpenStreetMap (OSM) to assess the accuracy of the four spatial relationship representations in the sketch maps. This study evaluates the reliability of spatial relationships in capturing the invariant spatial information of geographic elements in sketch maps. It helps to understand the differences in human cognition of multi-scale space.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13010032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T05:42:31Z","timestamp":1705902151000},"page":"32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Spatial Relationship Analysis of Geographic Elements in Sketch Maps at the Meso and Micro Spatial Scales"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Chen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer and Software School, Nanjing Vocational University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Yehua","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tversky, B. 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