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Spatial data infrastructures (SDIs) have been implemented to facilitate such data access. However, with the rapid advancements in geospatial software and modelling tools, it is important to re-visit the theoretical discussion about the different roles of data-focused SDIs and decision support and modelling tools, particularly in relation to their different impacts on policy making and policy integration. This research focuses on addressing this issue within the specific context of policy integration in spatial planning and flood risk management. To investigate this, an experiment was conducted comparing a data-focused SDI, the Myplan Viewer, with a prototype Internet-based Spatially Integrated Policy Infrastructure (SIPI). The findings reveal that the SIPI, which provides access to both data and decision support and modelling tools, significantly enhances policy integration compared to the Myplan Viewer. Moreover, drawing upon communicative action theory, this study underscores that while data-focused SDIs support instrumental goals, they possess limitations in facilitating trade-offs and balancing diverse interests in the policy-making process, particularly in supporting strategic and communicative actions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13020053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T06:19:59Z","timestamp":1707718799000},"page":"53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Online Decision Support Infrastructures for Integrating Spatial Planning and Flood Risk Management Policies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2112-9001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Ran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Planning, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"},{"name":"Urban Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zorica","family":"Nedovic-Budic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA"},{"name":"School of Architecture, Planning, and Environmental Policy, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-005-4660-1","article-title":"An Assessment of Structural Measures for Flood-prone Lowlands with High Population Density along the Keelung River in Taiwan","volume":"37","author":"Hsieh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. 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