{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T22:59:25Z","timestamp":1778626765045,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42201458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201458"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2021QF131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QF131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023RCKY129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023RCKY129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022PT097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022PT097"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shandong Province Natural Science Youth Foundation of China","award":["42201458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201458"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Province Natural Science Youth Foundation of China","award":["ZR2021QF131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QF131"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Province Natural Science Youth Foundation of China","award":["2023RCKY129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023RCKY129"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Province Natural Science Youth Foundation of China","award":["2022PT097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022PT097"]}]},{"name":"Qilu University of Technology","award":["42201458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201458"]}]},{"name":"Qilu University of Technology","award":["ZR2021QF131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QF131"]}]},{"name":"Qilu University of Technology","award":["2023RCKY129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023RCKY129"]}]},{"name":"Qilu University of Technology","award":["2022PT097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022PT097"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Field-road mode classification (FRMC) that identifies \u201cin-field\u201d and \u201con-road\u201d categories for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) trajectory points of agricultural machinery containing geographic information is essential for effective crop improvement. Most previous studies utilize local trajectory features (i.e., the relationships between a point and its neighboring points), but they ignore global trajectory features (i.e., the relationships between the point and all points of the trajectory), leading to difficulty in improving the overall classification performance. The global trajectory features are useful for FRMC because they contain rich trajectory information (e.g., mode switching and motion tendency). Therefore, a ConvTEBiLSTM network-based method is proposed to improve the overall performance. Firstly, nine statistical features (e.g., speed and direction) are extracted from the original data and fed into the ConvTEBiLSTM network. Then, the ConvTEBiLSTM network combining the Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory network, 1D Convolution network, and Transformer-Encoder network is used to extract and fuse local and global trajectory features. Finally, a linear classifier is applied to identify the \u201cfield\u201d and \u201croad\u201d categories of GNSS points based on the fused features. Experimental results show that compared with the baselines, our method achieves the best accuracy and F1-score of 97.38% and 92.74% on our Harvester dataset, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13030090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T14:05:25Z","timestamp":1710511525000},"page":"90","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["ConvTEBiLSTM: A Neural Network Fusing Local and Global Trajectory Features for Field-Road Mode Classification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2485-141X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cunxiang","family":"Bian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computer Networks, Shandong Fundamental Research Center for Computer Science, Jinan 250014, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4322-6598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinqiang","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computer Networks, Shandong Fundamental Research Center for Computer Science, Jinan 250014, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guanghe","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computer Networks, Shandong Fundamental Research Center for Computer Science, Jinan 250014, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3458-6567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fengqi","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computer Networks, Shandong Fundamental Research Center for Computer Science, Jinan 250014, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Data Science, City University of Macau, Macau 999078, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7512-007X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiyuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computer Networks, Shandong Fundamental Research Center for Computer Science, Jinan 250014, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2012.10.004","article-title":"An interdisciplinary approach towards improved understanding of soil deformation during compaction","volume":"128","author":"Keller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"55","article-title":"Influence of extra weight and tire pressure on fuel consumption at normal tractor slippage","volume":"7","author":"Damanauskas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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