{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T20:43:55Z","timestamp":1780087435870,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JST SPRING","award":["JPMJSP2106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSP2106"]}]},{"name":"JST SPRING","award":["JP22K04490"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22K04490"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JPMJSP2106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSP2106"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP22K04490"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22K04490"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Promoting walking is crucial for sustainable development and fosters individual health and well-being. Therefore, comprehensive investigations of factors that make walking attractive are vital. Previous research has linked streetscapes at eye-level to walking preferences, which usually focuses on simple linear relationships, neglecting the complex non-linear dynamics. Additionally, the varied effects of streetscape factors across street segments and intersections and different street structures remain largely unexplored. To address these gaps, this study explores how eye-level streetscapes influence walking preferences in various street segments and intersections in Setagaya Ward, Tokyo. Using street view data, an image survey, and computer vision algorithms, we measured eye-level streetscape factors and walking preferences. The Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model was then applied to analyze their non-linear relationships. This study identified key streetscape factors influencing walking preferences and uncovered non-linear trends within various factors, showcasing a variety of patterns, including upward, downward, and threshold effects. Moreover, our findings highlight the heterogeneity of the structural characteristics of street segments and intersections, which also impact the relationship between eye-level streetscapes and walking preferences. These insights can significantly inform decision-making in urban streetscape design, enhancing pedestrian perceptions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13040131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T11:53:53Z","timestamp":1713182033000},"page":"131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Unveiling the Non-Linear Influence of Eye-Level Streetscape Factors on Walking Preference: Evidence from Tokyo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lu","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4848-0707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takuya","family":"Oki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachio","family":"Muto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Real Estate Innovation (CREI), University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1987-4520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshiki","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Spatial Information Science (CSIS), University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Tokyo Metropolitan Government (2024, February 03). 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