{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T12:04:05Z","timestamp":1770293045028,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University-Industry Collaborative Education Program of China","award":["202102245033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102245033"]}]},{"name":"University-Industry Collaborative Education Program of China","award":["KYCX23_1068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX23_1068"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["202102245033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102245033"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["KYCX23_1068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX23_1068"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chongming Island and its surrounding areas are highly significant coastal regions in China. However, the regions undergo continuous changes owing to various factors, such as the sedimentation from the Yangtze River, human activities, and tidal movements. Chongming Island is part of the Yangtze River Delta, which is one of the most economically developed regions in China. Studying the water body changes in this area is of great importance for decision making in water resource conservation, coastal resource management, and ecological environmental protection. In this study, we propose an improved ISUNet model by enhancing the skip-connection operations in the traditional UNet architecture. We extracted and analyzed the water bodies in Chongming Island and its surrounding areas from 2013 to 2022, providing a detailed spatiotemporal analysis of the water body area over the years. The results indicate that the water body area in the study area has decreased by 267.8 km2 over the past decade, showing a gradually fluctuating downward trend with an average annual reduction of nearly 27 km2. The analysis suggests that the reduction in the water body area is mainly attributed to sedimentation near river channels and ports, the formation of sandbars owing to channel erosion, and the artificial construction of ports and coastal areas. The influencing factors include human activities and sedimentation from the Yangtze River Estuary. Specifically, human activities such as land reclamation, port construction, and aquaculture play a major role in causing changes in the area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13040134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T09:15:20Z","timestamp":1713345320000},"page":"134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Spatiotemporal Analysis of Water Body in the Chongming Island Region over the Past Decade Based on the ISUNet Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8768-4502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lizhi","family":"Miao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Internet of Things, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Research Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinkai","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Internet of Things, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Internet of Things, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Research Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanhui","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Internet of Things, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yamei","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Internet of Things, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Hang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Internet of Things, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, X., Qin, Z., Wang, J., and Su, G. (November, January 31). Coastline extraction on remote sensing image using Gaussian process classification. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Electromechanical Control Technology and Transportation, Zhuhai, China.","DOI":"10.2991\/icectt-15.2015.74"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0459.00198","article-title":"Investigating the flooding events of the urban regions of Glyfada and Voula, Attica, Greece: A contribution to Urban Geomorphology","volume":"85","author":"Skilodimou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geogr. Ann. Ser. A Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Ye, M., Pu, R., Liu, Y., Guo, Q., Feng, B., Huang, R., and He, G. (2018). Spatiotemporal change patterns of coastlines in Zhejiang Province, China, over the last twenty-five years. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10020477"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03371-z","article-title":"Protecting the global ocean for biodiversity, food and climate","volume":"592","author":"Sala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skilodimou, H.D., Antoniou, V., Bathrellos, G.D., and Tsami, E. (2021). Mapping of coastline changes in Athens Riviera over the past 76 year\u2019s measurements. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13152135"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, K., Zhang, L., Chen, B., Zuo, J., Yang, F., and Li, L. (2023). Analysis of China\u2019s Coastline Changes during 1990\u20132020. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15040981"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1890\/150065","article-title":"Engineering away our natural defenses: An analysis of shoreline hardening in the US","volume":"13","author":"Gittman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, G., Sarris, A., and Huang, X. (2013, January 12\u201316). Remote sensing monitoring and analysis of expansion characteristics of Chongming Island in Shanghai, China. Proceedings of the 2013 Second International Conference on Agro-Geoinformatics (Agro-Geoinformatics), Fairfax, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/Argo-Geoinformatics.2013.6621938"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.04.010","article-title":"Coastline extraction from repeat high resolution satellite imagery","volume":"229","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169608948714","article-title":"The use of the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) in the delineation of open water features","volume":"17","author":"McFeeters","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.12.009","article-title":"Monitoring the coastline change of Hatiya Island in Bangladesh using remote sensing techniques","volume":"101","author":"Ghosh","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, F., Guo, J., Tan, H., and Wang, J. (2017). Automated extraction of urban water bodies from ZY-3 multi-spectral imagery. Water, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/w9020144"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.08.029","article-title":"Automated Water Extraction Index: A new technique for surface water mapping using Landsat imagery","volume":"140","author":"Feyisa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Liu, Y., Ling, F., Liu, Y., and Fang, F. (2017). Spatio-temporal change detection of Ningbo coastline using Landsat time-series images during 1976\u20132015. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6030068"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Via\u00f1a-Borja, S.P., and Ortega-S\u00e1nchez, M. (2019). Automatic methodology to detect the coastline from Landsat images with a new water index assessed on three different Spanish Mediterranean deltas. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11182186"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"610","article-title":"Automatic and high-precise extraction for water information from multispectral images with the step-by-step iterative transformation mechanism","volume":"13","author":"Luo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600589179","article-title":"Modification of normalised difference water index (NDWI) to enhance open water features in remotely sensed imagery","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s12524-011-0162-7","article-title":"An adaptive water extraction method from remote sensing image based on NDWI","volume":"40","author":"Qiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acharya, T.D., Subedi, A., and Lee, D.H. (2018). Evaluation of water indices for surface water extraction in a Landsat 8 scene of Nepal. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082580"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1802","article-title":"Detecting shoreline changes in Chabahar Bay by processing satellite images","volume":"24","author":"Zeinali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Iran."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/07038992.2018.1478723","article-title":"Precise Delineation of Small Water Bodies from Sentinel-1 Data Using Support Vector Machine Classification","volume":"44","author":"Possa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"45","article-title":"A study of extraction method of mountain surface water based on OLI data and decision tree method","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eng. Surv. Mapp."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Ronneberger, O., Fischer, P., and Brox, T. (2015, January 5\u20139). U-net: Convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation. Proceedings of the Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention\u2013MICCAI 2015: 18th International Conference, Munich, Germany. Proceedings, Part III 18."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3954","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2018.2833382","article-title":"DeepUNet: A deep fully convolutional network for pixel-level sea-land segmentation","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2018.2868880","article-title":"Objects segmentation from high-resolution aerial images using U-Net with pyramid pooling layers","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, S., and Rui, X. (2022). A High-Precision Water Body Extraction Method Based on Improved Lightweight U-Net. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14174127"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Lu, H., Ma, G., Zhao, H., Xie, D., Geng, S., Tian, W., and Sian, K.T.C.L.K. (2023). MU-Net: Embedding MixFormer into Unet to Extract Water Bodies from Remote Sensing Images. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15143559"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Wang, C., Xu, L., Wu, F., Zhang, H., and Zhang, B. (2021). Multitemporal Water Extraction of Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake Based on an Automatic Water Extraction and Dynamic Monitoring Framework. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13050865"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"2010","article-title":"Water body extraction of high resolution remote sensing image based on improved U-Net network","volume":"22","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geo-Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Schl\u00e4pfer, D., Richter, R., and Hueni, A. (2009, January 16\u201319). Recent developments in operational atmospheric and radiometric correction of hyperspectral imagery. Proceedings of the 6th EARSeL SIG IS Workshop, Tel Aviv, Israel."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"24","article-title":"A survey on geometric correction of satellite imagery","volume":"116","author":"Dave","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, Y., Tan, Z., and Su, N. (2019). A Data Augmentation Strategy Based on Simulated Samples for Ship Detection in RGB Remote Sensing Images. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8060276"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, L., and Nitschke, G. (2018, January 18\u201321). Improving deep learning with generic data augmentation. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI), Bangalore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/SSCI.2018.8628742"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krell, M.M., and Kim, S.K. (2017, January 11\u201315). Rotational data augmentation for electroencephalographic data. Proceedings of the 2017 39th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Jeju Island, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2017.8036864"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218488598000094","article-title":"The vanishing gradient problem during learning recurrent neural nets and problem solutions","volume":"6","author":"Hochreiter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Uncertain. Fuzziness Knowl.-Based Syst."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Yamanaka, J., Kuwashima, S., and Kurita, T. (2017, January 14\u201318). Fast and accurate image super resolution by deep CNN with skip connection and network in network. Proceedings of the Neural Information Processing: 24th International Conference, ICONIP 2017, Guangzhou, China. Proceedings, Part II 24."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drozdzal, M., Vorontsov, E., Chartrand, G., Kadoury, S., and Pal, C. (2016, January 21). The importance of skip connections in biomedical image segmentation. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Deep Learning in Medical Image Analysis, International Workshop on Large-Scale Annotation of Biomedical Data and Expert Label Synthesis, Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46976-8_19"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Long, J., Shelhamer, E., and Darrell, T. (1996, January 18\u201320). Fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2016.2644615","article-title":"Segnet: A deep convolutional encoder-decoder architecture for image segmentation","volume":"39","author":"Badrinarayanan","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20584","article-title":"High-resolution mapping of global surface water and its long-term changes","volume":"540","author":"Pekel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Wang, C. (2021). Beautiful China: 70 Years Since 1949 and 70 People\u2019s Views on Eco-Civilization Construction, Springer."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muller, D.G. (2019). China as a Maritime Power, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429044922"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Xu, D., Zhang, D., Pu, Y., and Luan, Z. (2022). Shoreline Dynamics of Chongming Island and Driving Factor Analysis Based on Landsat Images. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14143305"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Ma, R., Cao, Z., Xue, K., Xiong, J., Hu, M., and Feng, X. (2022). Satellite Detection of Surface Water Extent: A Review of Methodology. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14071148"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2004.05.022","article-title":"Coastline extraction from SAR images and a method for the evaluation of the coastline precision","volume":"25","author":"Dellepiane","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2016.1156166","article-title":"Remote sensing of urban growth and landscape pattern changes in response to the expansion of Chongming Island in Shanghai, China","volume":"32","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"32","article-title":"A study of coastal morphodynamics on the muddy islands in the Changjiang River estuary","volume":"15","author":"Shilun","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/13\/4\/134\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:29:23Z","timestamp":1760106563000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/13\/4\/134"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi13040134"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi13040134","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]}}}