{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T11:04:07Z","timestamp":1761563047774,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]],"date-time":"2024-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42301225","42271228","2662023GGQD003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42301225","42271228","2662023GGQD003"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["42301225","42271228","2662023GGQD003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42301225","42271228","2662023GGQD003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Access to rural primary healthcare services has been broadly studied in the past few decades. However, most earlier studies that focused on examining access to rural healthcare services have conventionally treated spatial and non-spatial access as separate factors. This research aims to measure access to primary healthcare services in rural areas with the consideration of both spatial and non-spatial dimensions. The methodology of study is threefold. First, the Gaussian two-step floating catchment area (G-2SFCA) method was adopted to measure spatial access to primary healthcare services. Then, a questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate non-spatial access factors, including demographic condition, patient\u2019s household income, healthcare insurance, education level, and patient satisfaction level with the services. After that, a comprehensive evaluation index system was employed to integrate both spatial and non-spatial access. The empirical study showed a remarkable disparity in spatial access to primary healthcare services. In total, 78 villages with 185,137 local people had a \u201clow\u201d or \u201cvery low\u201d level of spatial access to both clinics and hospitals. For the non-spatial dimension, the results depicted that Songzi had significant inequalities in socioeconomic status (e.g., income, education) and patient satisfaction level for medical service. When integrating both spatial and non-spatial factors, the disadvantaged areas were mainly located in the eastern and middle parts. In addition, this study found that comprehensively considering the spatial and non-spatial access had a significant impact on results in healthcare access. In conclusion, this study calls for policymakers to pay more attention to primary healthcare inequalities within rural areas. The spatial and non-spatial access should be considered comprehensively when the long-term rural medical support policy is designated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13050142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T04:26:16Z","timestamp":1714364776000},"page":"142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Integrating Spatial and Non-Spatial Dimensions to Evaluate Access to Rural Primary Healthcare Service: A Case Study of Songzi, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Taohua","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Geographical Process Analysis & Simulation of Hubei Province, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Weicong","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Administration, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}]},{"given":"Lingling","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Geographical Process Analysis & Simulation of Hubei Province, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Jinpeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Big Data Centre, School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1652","article-title":"Integrative literature review: A review of literature related to geographical information systems, healthcare access, and health outcomes","volume":"5","author":"Graves","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perspect. 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