{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T11:20:18Z","timestamp":1770549618307,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Land Satellite Remote Sensing Application, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["KLSMNR-G202214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KLSMNR-G202214"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Land Satellite Remote Sensing Application, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["NY220165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NY220165"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Land Satellite Remote Sensing Application, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["2022VGE01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022VGE01"]}]},{"name":"NUPTSF","award":["KLSMNR-G202214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KLSMNR-G202214"]}]},{"name":"NUPTSF","award":["NY220165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NY220165"]}]},{"name":"NUPTSF","award":["2022VGE01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022VGE01"]}]},{"name":"Open foundation of Key Lab of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education","award":["KLSMNR-G202214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KLSMNR-G202214"]}]},{"name":"Open foundation of Key Lab of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education","award":["NY220165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NY220165"]}]},{"name":"Open foundation of Key Lab of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education","award":["2022VGE01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022VGE01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A typhoon disaster is a common meteorological disaster that seriously impacts natural ecology, social economy, and even human sustainable development. It is crucial to access the typhoon disaster information, and the corresponding disaster prevention and reduction strategies. However, traditional question and answering (Q&amp;A) methods exhibit shortcomings like low information retrieval efficiency and poor interactivity. This makes it difficult to satisfy users\u2019 demands for obtaining accurate information. Consequently, this work proposes a typhoon disaster knowledge Q&amp;A approach based on LLM (T5). This method integrates two technical paradigms of domain fine-tuning and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) to optimize user interaction experience and improve the precision of disaster information retrieval. The process specifically includes the following steps. First, this study selects information about typhoon disasters from open-source databases, such as Baidu Encyclopedia and Wikipedia. Utilizing techniques such as slicing and masked language modeling, we generate a training set and 2204 Q&amp;A pairs specifically focused on typhoon disaster knowledge. Second, we continuously pretrain the T5 model using the training set. This process involves encoding typhoon knowledge as parameters in the neural network\u2019s weights and fine-tuning the pretrained model with Q&amp;A pairs to adapt the T5 model for downstream Q&amp;A tasks. Third, when responding to user queries, we retrieve passages from external knowledge bases semantically similar to the queries to enhance the prompts. This action further improves the response quality of the fine-tuned model. Finally, we evaluate the constructed typhoon agent (Typhoon-T5) using different similarity-matching approaches. Furthermore, the method proposed in this work lays the foundation for the cross-integration of large language models with disaster information. It is expected to promote the further development of GeoAI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13050165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T10:26:36Z","timestamp":1715682396000},"page":"165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Question and Answering Service of Typhoon Disasters Based on the T5 Large Language Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0024-769X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongqi","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Internet of Things, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7134-8328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Internet of Things, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Province Surveying & Mapping Engineering Institute, Nanjing 210019, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8768-4502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lizhi","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Internet of Things, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yixiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Internet of Things, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo779","article-title":"Tropical cyclones and climate change","volume":"3","author":"Knutson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. 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