{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T13:42:04Z","timestamp":1768484524478,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006469","name":"Macau Science and Technology Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0039\/2020\/AFJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0039\/2020\/AFJ"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006469","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006469","name":"Macau Science and Technology Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52061160366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52061160366"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006469","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0039\/2020\/AFJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0039\/2020\/AFJ"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52061160366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52061160366"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Typhoons are extremely severe weather events which seriously threaten the safety of people\u2019s lives and properties. Therefore, identifying and controlling typhoon disaster hazards have become important research topics. The spatial\u2013temporal characteristics of typhoons are analysed using the typhoon disaster data in Macau from 2000 to 2020. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation is adopted to understand the 3D urban wind environment. Moreover, the \u2018exposure, sensitivity and adaptation\u2019 evaluation model is applied to construct the study framework. To calculate urban disaster vulnerability, the Create Fishnet tool is used to divide the city of Macau into 470 grids. The principal component analysis method is used to reveal the factors that significantly affect the typhoon\u2019s vulnerable areas. Result shows that 31.27% of grids are severely vulnerable. In addition, six principal components are identified, including indicators such as population density, building area ratio, mean elevation and wind speed. This study verifies the feasibility of wind speed data obtained by CFD in the typhoon evaluation model. Moreover, it provides a reliable reference guide for future urban microlevel studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13060205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T04:48:12Z","timestamp":1718599692000},"page":"205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Identification of Typhoon-Vulnerable Areas and Countermeasures in High-Density Coastal Cities: The Case of Macau"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0611-4954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Innovation and Design, City University of Macau, Macau SAR, China"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Innovation and Design, City University of Macau, Macau SAR, China"}]},{"given":"Wenrui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Innovation and Design, City University of Macau, Macau SAR, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9110-7003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Binglin Martin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of International Tourism and Management, City University of Macau, Macau SAR, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neumann, B., Vafeidis, A.T., Zimmermann, J., and Nicholls, R.J. 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