{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T08:39:28Z","timestamp":1771922368182,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Qinghai Province of China","award":["2021-ZJ-905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-ZJ-905"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, China\u2019s economy has experienced rapid development, and its cities have undergone rapid expansion; however, the development of cities in the northwest region has been relatively slow due to various geographical and economic constraints. Studying the urban expansion in these regions is of significant importance for regional planning and development. This study selected the provincial capitals of five underdeveloped provinces in northwestern China as the research sample and used Landsat TM\/OLI remote-sensing imagery as the primary data, supplemented by Digital Elevation Model (DEM), meteorological, and socio-economic data, the study extracted urban impervious surfaces using the ENDISI and MNDWI indices. It analyzed the spatial and temporal characteristics of urban impervious surfaces from 1990 to 2020 using indicators such as urban expansion intensity, compactness and fractal dimension, centroid migration, and standard deviation ellipse. Furthermore, the study quantified the influencing factors using Geodetectors. The findings reveal the following: (1) From 1990 to 2020, impervious surfaces in the five cities continued to expand, with Xi\u2019an experiencing the largest expansion area at 549.94 km2 and Xining the smallest at only 132.83 km2, with an expansion intensity of merely 2.99%. However, significant disparities existed in expansion intensity and area across different periods. (2) Overall, the compactness of the cities decreased by 47.6% while the overall fractal dimension increased by 2.85%, indicating a trend towards more dispersed and complex urban forms. (3) Expansion directions varied among the cities, with Xi\u2019an and Urumqi expanding towards the northwest, Lanzhou towards the north, Yinchuan primarily towards the east, and Xining mainly towards the west. (4) Economic, demographic, and investment factors were identified as the primary influencers of urban expansion, exhibiting changes over different periods. Analyzing the similarities and differences in city development can offer valuable insights into urban construction and sustainable development in underdeveloped areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13060215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T11:47:17Z","timestamp":1718797637000},"page":"215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Spatial and Temporal Changes and Influencing Factors of Capital Cities in Five Provinces of the Underdeveloped Regions of Northwest China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yuanbao","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Environmental Process, College of Geographical Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yujun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Environmental Process, College of Geographical Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China"},{"name":"Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Environmental Process, College of Geographical Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China"},{"name":"Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sifa","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Environmental Process, College of Geographical Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongda","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Grassland Station, Xining 810008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Environmental Process, College of Geographical Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, March 25). WorldCities Report 2022: Envisaging the Future of Cities. Available online: https:\/\/unhabitat.org\/world-cities-report-2022-envisaging-the-future-of-cities."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2020.111858","article-title":"Effects of Urbanization on Energy Efficiency in China: New Evidence from Short Run and Long Run Efficiency Models","volume":"147","author":"Lv","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2021.112171","article-title":"Impacts of Urbanization on Carbon Emissions: An Empirical Analysis from OECD Countries","volume":"151","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14934","article-title":"Urbanization Drives Cross-Taxon Declines in Abundance and Diversity at Multiple Spatial Scales","volume":"26","author":"Piano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-021-02445-6","article-title":"The Effects of Urbanization on the Groundwater System of the Kabul Shallow Aquifers, Afghanistan","volume":"30","author":"Zaryab","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767511","DOI":"10.1080\/20964129.2020.1767511","article-title":"Change of Impervious Surface Area and Its Impacts on Urban Landscape: An Example of Shenyang between 2010 and 2017","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Health Sustain."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.02.010","article-title":"Use of Impervious Surface in Urban Land-Use Classification","volume":"102","author":"Lu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2020.126638","article-title":"The Increase of Impervious Cover and Decrease of Tree Cover within Urban Areas Globally (2012\u20132017)","volume":"49","author":"Nowak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2018.03.007","article-title":"A New Scheme for Urban Impervious Surface Classification from SAR Images","volume":"139","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147097","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3013640","article-title":"Expansion of Urban Impervious Surfaces in Xining City Based on GEE and Landsat Time Series Data","volume":"8","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.02.030","article-title":"Remote Sensing of Impervious Surfaces in the Urban Areas: Requirements, Methods, and Trends","volume":"117","author":"Weng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-12-1625-2020","article-title":"Development of a Global 30 m Impervious Surface Map Using Multisource and Multitemporal Remote Sensing Datasets with the Google Earth Engine Platform","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-63-2021","article-title":"A 30&thinsp;m Resolution Dataset of China\u2019s Urban Impervious Surface Area and Green Space, 2000\u20132018","volume":"13","author":"Kuang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-020-9797-9","article-title":"30 m Global Impervious Surface Area Dynamics and Urban Expansion Pattern Observed by Landsat Satellites: From 1972 to 2019","volume":"64","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.76.5.557","article-title":"Analysis of Impervious Surface and Its Impact on Urban Heat Environment Using the Normalized Difference Impervious Surface Index (NDISI)","volume":"76","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4102957","article-title":"Enhanced Built-Up and Bareness Index (EBBI) for Mapping Built-Up and Bare Land in an Urban Area","volume":"4","author":"Adnyana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6572","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11007-4","article-title":"Extracting Urban Impervious Surfaces from Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 Satellite Data for Urban Planning and Environmental Management","volume":"28","author":"Deliry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-018-6767-3","article-title":"The Acquisition of Impervious Surface Area from LANDSAT 8 Satellite Sensor Data Using Urban Indices: A Comparative Analysis","volume":"190","author":"Sekertekin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.03.276","article-title":"Urban Expansion and Form Changes across African Cities with a Global Outlook: Spatiotemporal Analysis of Urban Land Densities","volume":"224","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.01.039","article-title":"Understanding Urban Expansion Combining Macro Patterns and Micro Dynamics in Three Southeast Asian Megacities","volume":"660","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.269","article-title":"Towards Sustainability? Analyzing Changing Urban Form Patterns in the United States, Europe, and China","volume":"671","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-019-7887-0","article-title":"Driving Forces of Impervious Surface in a World Metropolitan Area, Shanghai: Threshold and Scale Effect","volume":"191","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-018-7151-z","article-title":"Drivers of Urban Expansion over the Past Three Decades: A Comparative Study of Beijing, Tianjin, and Shijiazhuang","volume":"191","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petri\u015for, A.-I., Hamma, W., Nguyen, H.D., Randazzo, G., Muzirafuti, A., Stan, M.-I., Tran, V.T., A\u015ftef\u0103noaiei, R., Bui, Q.-T., and Vintil\u0103, D.-F. (2020). Degradation of Coastlines under the Pressure of Urbanization and Tourism: Evidence on the Change of Land Systems from Europe, Asia and Africa. Land, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/land9080275"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141270","article-title":"Rapid Urbanization and Its Driving Mechanism in the Pan-Third Pole Region","volume":"750","author":"Luan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2016.09.012","article-title":"Behind the Rapid Expansion of Urban Impervious Surfaces in China: Major Influencing Factors Revealed by a Hierarchical Multiscale Analysis","volume":"59","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2020.101677","article-title":"Moving towards a Sustainable Environment: The Dynamic Linkage between Natural Resources, Human Capital, Urbanization, Economic Growth, and Ecological Footprint in China","volume":"67","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Resour. Policy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1177\/0958305X211008610","article-title":"Ecological footprint, human capital, and urbanization","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1093\/afraf\/adad021","article-title":"Urbanization and Political Change in Africa","volume":"122","author":"Hoelscher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Afr. Aff."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2016.08.014","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Analysis of Urban Growth in Three African Capital Cities: A Grid-Cell-Based Analysis Using Remote Sensing Data","volume":"123","author":"Hou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Afr. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2023.104157","article-title":"Land Use and Cover in Subtropical East Asia and Southeast Asia from 1700 to 2018","volume":"226","author":"Mao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-019-0340-0","article-title":"Direct and Indirect Loss of Natural Area from Urban Expansion","volume":"2","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, K., Huang, W., Wang, C., Wu, R., and Hu, Y. (2022). Spatio-Temporal Evolution Features and Impact Factors of Urban Expansion in Underdeveloped Cities: A Case Study of Nanchang, China. Land, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/land11101799"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"United Nations (2024, March 27). Human Development Report 2021-22. Available online: https:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/content\/human-development-report-2021-22."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"United Nations (2024, March 27). Human Development Report 1990. Available online: https:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/content\/human-development-report-1990."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"United Nations (2024, March 27). Human Development Report 2000. Available online: https:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/content\/human-development-report-2000."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"United Nations (2024, March 27). Human Development Report 2010. Available online: https:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/content\/human-development-report-2010."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"United Nations (2024, March 27). Human Development Report 2020. Available online: https:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/content\/human-development-report-2020."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/10670564.2011.541626","article-title":"Is China\u2019s Western Region Development Strategy on Track? An Assessment","volume":"20","author":"Grewal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Contemp. China"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142591","article-title":"The Varying Driving Forces of Urban Land Expansion in China: Insights from a Spatial-Temporal Analysis","volume":"766","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2024, March 28). China Statistical Yearbook 1990\u20132020, Available online: https:\/\/www.stats.gov.cn\/sj\/ndsj\/."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2024, March 28). Earth Explorer, Available online: https:\/\/earthexplorer.usgs.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4349","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-4349-2021","article-title":"ERA5-Land: A State-of-the-Art Global Reanalysis Dataset for Land Applications","volume":"13","author":"Dutra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"016502","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.13.016502","article-title":"Enhanced Normalized Difference Index for Impervious Surface Area Estimation at the Plateau Basin Scale","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.11834\/jrs.20210174","article-title":"Extraction of the Impervious Surface of Typical Cities in Xinjiang Based on Sentinel-2A\/B and Spatial Difference Analysis. Natl","volume":"26","author":"Duan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Bull."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2013.07.003","article-title":"Defining and Characterizing Urban Boundaries: A Fractal Analysis of Theoretical Cities and Belgian Cities","volume":"41","author":"Tannier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810210137013","article-title":"Fractal Dimension and Fractal Growth of Urbanized Areas","volume":"16","author":"Shen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.01.155","article-title":"Measuring Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Impervious Surface in Guangzhou, China, from 1988 to 2015, Using Time-Series Landsat Imagery","volume":"627","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2014.01.004","article-title":"Comparing Urban Land Expansion and Its Driving Factors in Shenzhen and Dongguan, China","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2009.09.007","article-title":"Remote Sensing Monitoring and Driving Force Analysis of Urban Expansion in Guangzhou City, China","volume":"34","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145836","article-title":"Cities Are Going Uphill: Slope Gradient Analysis of Urban Expansion and Its Driving Factors in China","volume":"775","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, Y., and Ye, R. (2022). Analysis of the Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of Nanjing\u2019s Urban Expansion and Its Driving Mechanisms. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi11070406"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Luan, W., Tian, C., Su, M., and Li, Z. (2021). Spatial Distribution Equilibrium and Relationship between Construction Land Expansion and Basic Education Schools in Shanghai Based on POI Data. Land, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/land10101059"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-017-0883-9","article-title":"Measuring Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of City Expansion and Its Driving Forces in Shanghai from 1990 to 2015","volume":"27","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2012.08.008","article-title":"Multi-Level Modeling of Urban Expansion and Cultivated Land Conversion for Urban Hotspot Counties in China","volume":"108","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"116","article-title":"Geodetector: Principle and prospective","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2019.04.024","article-title":"40-Year (1978\u20132017) Human Settlement Changes in China Reflected by Impervious Surfaces from Satellite Remote Sensing","volume":"64","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2023.102869","article-title":"Evaluating Trends, Profits, and Risks of Global Cities in Recent Urban Expansion for Advancing Sustainable Development","volume":"138","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, C., Feng, Y., Wang, R., Lei, Z., Chen, S., Tang, X., and Xi, M. (2023). 50-Year Urban Expansion Patterns in Shanghai: Analysis Using Impervious Surface Data and Simulation Models. Land, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/land12112065"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2020.104753","article-title":"Comparing the Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Urban Expansion in Guangzhou and Shenzhen from 1975 to 2015: A Case Study of Pioneer Cities in China\u2019s Rapid Urbanization","volume":"97","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"42","article-title":"Urban Growth and Environmental Impacts in Jing-Jin-Ji, the Yangtze, River Delta and the Pearl River Delta","volume":"30","author":"Haas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2017.12.025","article-title":"Urban expansion dynamics and modes in metropolitan Guangzhou, China","volume":"72","author":"Gong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05020017","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000606","article-title":"Evolution of the Process of Urban Spatial and Temporal Patterns and Its Influencing Factors in Northeast China","volume":"146","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Urban Plan. Dev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., and Pan, J. (2021). Spatiotemporal Pattern and Driving Factors of Urban Sprawl in China. Land, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/land10111275"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2018.03.004","article-title":"The Varying Driving Forces of Urban Expansion in China: Insights from a Spatial-Temporal Analysis","volume":"174","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jing, S., Yan, Y., Niu, F., and Song, W. (2022). Urban Expansion in China: Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Determinants. Land, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/land11030356"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2018.08.001","article-title":"Urban Sprawl among Chinese Cities of Different Population Sizes","volume":"79","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"(2024, March 29). Xi\u2019an Qinling Ecological Environment Protection Management Measures, Available online: https:\/\/www.moj.gov.cn\/pub\/sfbgw\/flfggz\/flfggzdfzwgz\/201701\/t20170122_141635.html."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"(2024, March 29). Building the Next Trillion-Level Economic Carrier, Available online: http:\/\/www.xasw.gov.cn\/info\/1008\/11687.htm."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"(2024, March 29). Work Report of Lanzhou Municipal People\u2019s Government, Available online: https:\/\/www.lanzhou.gov.cn\/art\/2011\/11\/17\/art_15361_899357.html."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"(2024, March 29). The Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the National Development and Reform Commission Issued a Notice on the Development Plan of Lanzhou-Xining Urban Agglomeration, Available online: https:\/\/www.ndrc.gov.cn\/xxgk\/zcfb\/ghwb\/201803\/t20180319_962248.html."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/13\/6\/215\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:01:12Z","timestamp":1760108472000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/13\/6\/215"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi13060215"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi13060215","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]]}}}