{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T07:51:49Z","timestamp":1774425109683,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC3005704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3005704"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AR2205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR2205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["121136000000180004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["121136000000180004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Basic Scientific Research Foundation of Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","award":["2022YFC3005704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3005704"]}]},{"name":"Basic Scientific Research Foundation of Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","award":["AR2205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR2205"]}]},{"name":"Basic Scientific Research Foundation of Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","award":["121136000000180004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["121136000000180004"]}]},{"name":"Special Business Expenses of the Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["2022YFC3005704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3005704"]}]},{"name":"Special Business Expenses of the Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["AR2205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR2205"]}]},{"name":"Special Business Expenses of the Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["121136000000180004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["121136000000180004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Administrative regions are fundamental geographic elements on maps, thus making their detection in map images crucial to enhancing intelligent map interpretation. However, existing methods in this field primarily depend on the texture features within the images and do not account for the influence of spatial and co-existence relationships among different targets. In this study, taking the administrative regions of the Chinese Mainland, Taiwan, Tibet, and Henan as test targets, we employed the spatial and co-existence relationships of pairs of targets to improve target detection performance. Firstly, these four regions were detected using a simple Single-Target Cascading detection model based on RetinaNet. Subsequently, the detection results were adjusted with the spatial and co-existence relationships of each pair of targets. The adjusted outcomes demonstrate a significant increase in target detection accuracy, as well as precision (from 0.62 to 0.96) and F1 score (from 0.76 to 0.88), for the Chinese Mainland target. This study contributes to the advancement of intelligent map interpretation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13060216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T05:27:19Z","timestamp":1718861239000},"page":"216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Integration of Spatial and Co-Existence Relationships to Improve Administrative Region Target Detection in Map Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9117-9250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaixuan","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Research Center of Geospatial Big Data Application, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"}]},{"given":"Fu","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of GIS, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Geospatial Big Data Application, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"}]},{"given":"Xianghong","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Geospatial Big Data Application, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"}]},{"given":"Jiping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Geospatial Big Data Application, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Geospatial Big Data Application, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"}]},{"given":"Zewei","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1963","article-title":"Cartography: From Digital to Intelligent","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geomat. 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