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Using Shenzhen as a case study city, our study initiates an investigation into this matter by analyzing the evolving network topology of Shenzhen Metro. Subsequently, leveraging long-term smart card data, we analyze the evolving spatiotemporal patterns of passenger flows and develop an analytical approach to pinpoint the major passenger sources of urban metro congestion. While the passenger travel demand and the passenger flow volumes kept increasing with the extension of the urban metro network, the major passenger sources were very stable in space, highlighting the inherent invariance in the evolution of the urban metro system. Finally, we analyze the impact of population and land use factors on passenger flow contributions of passenger sources, obtaining useful clues to foresee future passenger flow conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13080267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T13:04:59Z","timestamp":1721999099000},"page":"267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Exploring the Spatiotemporal Patterns of Passenger Flows in Expanding Urban Metros: A Case Study of Shenzhen"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sirui","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rail Data Research and Application Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3692-0194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rail Data Research and Application Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3547-6493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410000, China"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4503-6643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rail Data Research and Application Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, T., Li, M., and Zhou, Y. 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