{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:18:40Z","timestamp":1760145520984,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]],"date-time":"2024-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62072249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62072249"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As mobile internet and Internet of Things technologies rapidly advance, the amount of spatio-temporal big data have surged, and efficient and secure management solutions are urgently needed. Although cloud storage provides convenience, it also brings significant data security challenges. Blockchain technology is an ideal choice for processing large-scale spatio-temporal big data due to its unique security features, but its storage scalability is limited because the data need to be replicated throughout the network. To solve this problem, a common approach is to combine blockchain with off-chain storage to form a hybrid storage blockchain. However, these solutions cannot guarantee the authenticity, integrity, and consistency of on-chain and off-chain data storage, and preprocessing is required in the setup phase to generate public parameters proportional to the data length, which increases the computational burden and reduces transmission efficiency. Therefore, this paper proposes a collaborative storage mechanism for spatio-temporal big data based on incremental aggregation sub-vector commitments, which uses vector commitment binding technology to ensure the secure storage of on-chain and off-chain data. By generating public parameters of fixed length, the computational complexity is reduced and the communication efficiency is improved while improving the security of the system. In addition, we design an aggregation proof protocol that integrates aggregation algorithms and smart contracts to improve the efficiency of data query and verification and ensure the consistency and integrity of spatio-temporal big data storage. Finally, simulation experiments verify the correctness and security of the proposed protocol, providing a solid foundation for the blockchain-based spatio-temporal big data storage system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13080280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T08:54:08Z","timestamp":1723452848000},"page":"280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Spatio-Temporal Big Data Collaborative Storage Mechanism Based on Incremental Aggregation Subvector Commitment in On-Chain and Off-Chain Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mingjia","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huachang","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yekang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ding","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongjun","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Analysis of Data Security Technology Based on Cloud Storage","volume":"2023","author":"Teng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Netw. Secur. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"58","article-title":"Analysis of Network Information Security Issues in Big Data Environment","volume":"2022","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Netw. Secur. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"227","article-title":"A Review of Cryptographic Technologies Based on Cloud Computing","volume":"2021","author":"Niu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electron. Technol. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2017.11.011","article-title":"Blockchain-based publicly verifiable data deletion scheme for cloud storage","volume":"103","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1109\/TBDATA.2022.3215467","article-title":"Task allocation under geo-indistinguishability via group-based noise addition","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Big Data"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"15","article-title":"A peer-to-peer electronic cash system","volume":"4","author":"Nakamoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bitcoin"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2023.3236868","article-title":"Tensor recurrent neural network with differential privacy","volume":"73","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"134","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Blockchain Technology: Principles, Progress, and Applications","volume":"41","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"708","article-title":"Scalable Storage Model for Account-based Blockchains","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Beijing Univ. Aeronaut. Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"HCNCT: A cross-chain interaction scheme for the blockchain-based metaverse","volume":"20","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Multimed. Comput. Commun. Appl."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"828","article-title":"Current Status and Prospects of Blockchain Scalability Technologies","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Softw."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Research Progress on the Scalability of Blockchain Storage","volume":"32","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Softw."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"4930","article-title":"Data and Location Decoupling Algorithm for Heterogeneous DHT Storage","volume":"34","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Softw."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9766","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2023.3234631","article-title":"MapChain-D: A distributed blockchain for IIoT data storage and communications","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2021.3071176","article-title":"LightChain: Scalable DHT-based blockchain","volume":"32","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3594535","article-title":"Three-tier storage framework based on TBchain and IPFS for protecting IoT security and privacy","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Internet Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8383","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-023-05734-x","article-title":"Advancements in scalability of blockchain infrastructure through IPFS and dual blockchain methodology","volume":"80","author":"Mahmud","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2018.2881452","article-title":"Privacy-preserving tensor decomposition over encrypted data in a federated cloud environment","volume":"17","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dependable Secur. Comput."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2020.09.019","article-title":"Multiple cloud storage mechanism based on blockchain in smart homes","volume":"115","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"192","article-title":"Blockchain-Based Dual Verifiable Cloud Storage Scheme","volume":"42","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1856","article-title":"Blockchain-Based Fine-Grained Cloud Data Security Storage and Deletion Scheme","volume":"42","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electron. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2021.3057771","article-title":"A blockchain-based multi-cloud storage data auditing scheme to locate faults","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cloud Comput."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, L., Wang, Y., Ren, Y., and Xia, F. (2024). Path signature-based xai-enabled network time series classification. Sci. China Inf. Sci., 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-023-3978-y"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"5042","article-title":"BETASCO: A Consortium Blockchain System for Smart Contract Sharding","volume":"34","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Softw."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, P., Xu, Q., Zheng, Z., Zhou, Z., Yan, Y., and Zhang, H. (2021, January 19\u201322). Meepo: Sharded consortium blockchain. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 37th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE), Chania, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE51399.2021.00165"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2019091","article-title":"Secure data storage based on blockchain and coding in edge computing","volume":"16","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Math. Biosci. Eng"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"858","article-title":"Blockchain Storage Optimization Based on Erasure Coding","volume":"45","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Comput."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2024.103825","article-title":"Optimizing efficiency of P2P content distribution with network coding: Principles, challenges, and future directions","volume":"223","author":"Lajam","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2021.102650","article-title":"Enhancing the efficiency and scalability of blockchain through probabilistic verification and clustering","volume":"58","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inf. Process. Manag."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mamun, A.A., Yan, F., and Zhao, D. (2021, January 14\u201319). BAASH: Lightweight, efficient, and reliable blockchain-as-a-service for hpc systems. Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis, St. Louis, MI. USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3458817.3476155"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2022.110213","article-title":"Effective truth discovery under local differential privacy by leveraging noise-aware probabilistic estimation and fusion","volume":"261","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Knowl.-Based Syst."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7054","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2982067","article-title":"Distributed error correction coding scheme for low storage blockchain systems","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2021.103329","article-title":"Design and implementation of NDN-based Ethereum blockchain","volume":"200","author":"Thai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144809","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3014510","article-title":"Multi-Replica and Multi-Cloud Data Public Audit Scheme Based on Blockchain","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2022.09.008","article-title":"BSMD: A blockchain-based secure storage mechanism for big spatio-temporal data","volume":"138","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/13\/8\/280\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:34:26Z","timestamp":1760110466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/13\/8\/280"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi13080280"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi13080280","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2220-9964"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]]}}}