{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:22:16Z","timestamp":1760145736174,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42101442","42394063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101442","42394063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>On schematic metro maps, high-quality label placement is helpful to passengers performing route planning and orientation tasks. It has been reported that the artificial neural network (ANN) has the potential to place labels with learned labeling knowledge. However, the previous ANN-based method only considered the effects of station points and their connected edges. Indeed, unconnected but surrounding features (points, edges, and labels) also significantly affect the quality of label placement. To address this, we have proposed an improved method. The relations between label positions and both connected and surrounding features are first modeled based on labeling natural intelligence (i.e., the experience, knowledge, and rules of labeling established by cartographers). Then, ANN is employed to learn such relations. Quantitative evaluations show that our method reaches lower percentages of label\u2013point overlap (0.00%), label\u2013edge overlap (4.12%), and label\u2013label overlap (20.58%) compared to the benchmark (4.17%, 14.29%, and 35.11%, respectively). On the other hand, our method effectively avoids ambiguous labels and ensures labels from the same line are placed on the same side. Qualitative evaluations show that approximately 75% of users prefer our results. This novel method has the potential to advance the automated generation of schematic metro maps.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13080294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T05:19:36Z","timestamp":1724044776000},"page":"294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An Improved ANN-Based Label Placement Method Considering Surrounding Features for Schematic Metro Maps"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8645-756X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenzhen","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donglin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meisheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangjun","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2010.81","article-title":"Drawing and labeling high-quality metro maps by mixed-integer programming","volume":"17","author":"Nollenburg","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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