{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T22:09:56Z","timestamp":1768255796973,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Social Science Foundation","award":["22AZD082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22AZD082"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation","award":["2023BSH003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BSH003"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation","award":["22Z350204369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22Z350204369"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation","award":["2022BSH005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BSH005"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation","award":["23DZ1202900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ1202900"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation","award":["23DZ1203200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ1203200"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation","award":["23DZ1202400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ1202400"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation","award":["22DZ1203200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22DZ1203200"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation","award":["21Z510203259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21Z510203259"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation","award":["21DZ1200800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21DZ1200800"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation","award":["JKSHZX_2022-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JKSHZX_2022-13"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation","award":["K2015K017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2015K017"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Social Science Foundation","award":["22AZD082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22AZD082"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Social Science Foundation","award":["2023BSH003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BSH003"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Social Science Foundation","award":["22Z350204369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22Z350204369"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Social Science Foundation","award":["2022BSH005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BSH005"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Social Science Foundation","award":["23DZ1202900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ1202900"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Social Science Foundation","award":["23DZ1203200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ1203200"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Social Science Foundation","award":["23DZ1202400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ1202400"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Social Science Foundation","award":["22DZ1203200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22DZ1203200"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Social Science Foundation","award":["21Z510203259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21Z510203259"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Social Science Foundation","award":["21DZ1200800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21DZ1200800"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Social Science Foundation","award":["JKSHZX_2022-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JKSHZX_2022-13"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Social Science Foundation","award":["K2015K017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2015K017"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Scientific Research Foundation","award":["22AZD082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22AZD082"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Scientific Research Foundation","award":["2023BSH003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BSH003"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Scientific Research Foundation","award":["22Z350204369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22Z350204369"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Scientific Research Foundation","award":["2022BSH005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BSH005"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Scientific Research Foundation","award":["23DZ1202900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ1202900"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Scientific Research Foundation","award":["23DZ1203200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ1203200"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Scientific Research Foundation","award":["23DZ1202400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ1202400"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Scientific Research Foundation","award":["22DZ1203200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22DZ1203200"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Scientific Research Foundation","award":["21Z510203259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21Z510203259"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Scientific Research Foundation","award":["21DZ1200800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21DZ1200800"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Scientific Research Foundation","award":["JKSHZX_2022-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JKSHZX_2022-13"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Scientific Research Foundation","award":["K2015K017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2015K017"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Healthy Shanghai Action","award":["22AZD082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22AZD082"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Healthy Shanghai Action","award":["2023BSH003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BSH003"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Healthy Shanghai Action","award":["22Z350204369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22Z350204369"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Healthy Shanghai Action","award":["2022BSH005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BSH005"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Healthy Shanghai Action","award":["23DZ1202900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ1202900"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Healthy Shanghai Action","award":["23DZ1203200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ1203200"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Healthy Shanghai Action","award":["23DZ1202400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ1202400"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Healthy Shanghai Action","award":["22DZ1203200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22DZ1203200"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Healthy Shanghai Action","award":["21Z510203259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21Z510203259"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Healthy Shanghai Action","award":["21DZ1200800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21DZ1200800"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Healthy Shanghai Action","award":["JKSHZX_2022-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JKSHZX_2022-13"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Healthy Shanghai Action","award":["K2015K017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2015K017"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund","award":["22AZD082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22AZD082"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund","award":["2023BSH003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BSH003"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund","award":["22Z350204369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22Z350204369"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund","award":["2022BSH005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BSH005"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund","award":["23DZ1202900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ1202900"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund","award":["23DZ1203200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ1203200"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund","award":["23DZ1202400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ1202400"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund","award":["22DZ1203200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22DZ1203200"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund","award":["21Z510203259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21Z510203259"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund","award":["21DZ1200800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21DZ1200800"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund","award":["JKSHZX_2022-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JKSHZX_2022-13"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund","award":["K2015K017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2015K017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Public transport improves mobility and well-being for the rapidly aging population. However, few planning interventions have addressed the urban\u2013rural disparity in bus usage among older adults. Using data from Zhongshan, China, this study adopts the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model to examine urban\u2013rural differences in the nonlinear relationship between built environment and daily bus usage among elderly adults. The results indicate nonlinearities across all built environment variables and stronger effects of the built environment in rural areas. Distance to transit contributes the most in urban neighborhoods but least in rural ones. Furthermore, dwelling unit density and green space accessibility play the biggest roles in the rural context. Additionally, the most effective ranges of intersection density, land use mixture, and CBD accessibility are greater in rural areas. The findings facilitate fine-grained and diversified planning interventions to facilitate bus usage among older adults in both urban and rural areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13090316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T07:59:40Z","timestamp":1725263980000},"page":"316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Association between Built Environment and Bus Usage among Older Adults: Urban\u2013Rural Differences in the Nonlinearities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8649-742X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bozhezi","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"given":"Lanjing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518116, China"}]},{"given":"Jiani","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"given":"Chaoyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7129-3451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"given":"Shengqiang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design Institute (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200092, China"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"},{"name":"Institute of Healthy Yangtze River Delta, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101877","article-title":"Evaluation of urban-rural difference and integration based on quality of life","volume":"54","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3878(02)00004-4","article-title":"Rural\u2013urban interdependence and industrialization","volume":"68","author":"Murata","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dev. Econ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2021.102420","article-title":"Measurement of urban-rural integration level and its spatial differentiation in China in the new century","volume":"117","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/cwe.12230","article-title":"From Urban-Rural Division to Urban-Rural Integration: A Systematic Cost Explanation and Chengdu\u2019s Experience","volume":"26","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"China World Econ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2019.04.001","article-title":"Spatio-temporal travel patterns of elderly people\u2013A comparative study based on buses usage in Qingdao, China","volume":"76","author":"Shao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2021.105309","article-title":"Land use and travel burden of residents in urban fringe and rural areas: An evaluation of urban-rural integration initiatives in Beijing","volume":"103","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/11038120802326222","article-title":"Bus use and older people: A literature review applying the Person-Environment-Occupation model in macro practice","volume":"16","author":"Broome","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand. J. Occup. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.5198\/jtlu.2018.978","article-title":"Public transport use among the urban and rural elderly in China: Effects of personal, attitudinal, household, social-environment and built-environment factors","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Transp. Land Use"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"United Nations (2020). World Population Ageing 2020 Highlights: Living Arrangements of Older Persons, United Nations."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s40980-020-00061-8","article-title":"Super Aging in South Korea Unstoppable but Mitigatable: A Sub-National Scale Population Projection for Best Policy Planning","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spat. Demogr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2015.04.001","article-title":"Bus use in a developing world city: Implications for the health and well-being of older passengers","volume":"2","author":"Cook","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carney, F. (2021). Linking Loyalty Card Data to Public Transport Data to Explore Mobility and Social Exclusion in the Older Population. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13116217"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2015.02.001","article-title":"The role of transport and mobility in the health of older people","volume":"2","author":"Musselwhite","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2021.2019190","article-title":"Depressive symptoms among older empty nesters in China: The moderating effects of social contact and contact with one\u2019s children","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2012.06.006","article-title":"Depression and social support between China\u2019 rural and urban empty-nest elderly","volume":"55","author":"Su","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Zhang, D., and Yang, Z. (2015). The Health Inequalities Research of Empty Nesters under the Background of Urbanization and Occupational Mobility, Atlantis Press."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Zhao, C., Liu, X., Chen, X., Li, C., Wang, T., Wu, J., and Zhang, Y. (2021). Non-Linear Effects of the Built Environment and Social Environment on Bus Use among Older Adults in China: An Application of the XGBoost Model. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189592"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2023.103930","article-title":"Using machine-learning models to understand nonlinear relationships between land use and travel","volume":"123","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"11","article-title":"Analysis of Travel Characteristics of Elders in Beijing","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Transp. Syst. Eng. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2019.03.006","article-title":"Social isolation and physical activity mediate associations between free bus travel and wellbeing among older adults in England","volume":"13","author":"Jackson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2018.01.012","article-title":"Active travel, public transportation use, and daily transport among older adults: The association of built environment","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-011-9341-1","article-title":"Walking to the bus: Perceived versus actual walking distance to bus stops for older adults","volume":"39","author":"Hess","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2016.03.003","article-title":"Age and retirement status differences in associations between the built environment and active travel behaviour","volume":"3","author":"Barnes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Li, C., Zhu, L., Liu, X., Peng, B., Wang, T., Yuan, S., and Zhang, Y. (2024). Nonlinear and threshold effects of built environment on older adults\u2019 walking duration: Do age and retirement status matter?. Front. Public Health, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1418733"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2023.12.007","article-title":"Neighborhood environment and body mass index in community-dwelling older adults in China: The mediating role of transport-related physical activity","volume":"55","author":"Xiaohelaiti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geriatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2017.07.004","article-title":"Built environmental impacts on individual mode choice and BMI: Evidence from China","volume":"63","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.3390\/su6021076","article-title":"The Built Environment and Walking Activity of the Elderly: An Empirical Analysis in the Zhongshan Metropolitan Area, China","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3141\/2182-10","article-title":"Exploring Travel Characteristics and Factors Affecting the Degree of Willingness of Seniors in Taiwan to Use an Alternative Service Bus","volume":"2182","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2020.102708","article-title":"Influences of rural built environment on travel mode choice of rural residents: The case of rural Sichuan","volume":"85","author":"Ao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"114","article-title":"Research on the Strategy of Integrated Development of the Public Transit in Urban and Rural Areas","volume":"23","author":"Gu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Highw. Transp. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"76","article-title":"Travel characteristics of rural residents under different economic conditions","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chang. Univ. Nat. Sci. Ed."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2009.12.005","article-title":"Time use, travel behavior, and the rural\u2013urban continuum: Results from the Halifax STAR project","volume":"19","author":"Millward","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2257.2010.00528.x","article-title":"Rural-to-Urban Commuting: Three Degrees of Integration","volume":"41","author":"Md","year":"2010","journal-title":"Growth Chang."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berry, N.M., Coffee, N.T., Nolan, R., Dollman, J., and Sugiyama, T. (2017). Neighbourhood Environmental Attributes Associated with Walking in South Australian Adults: Differences between Urban and Rural Areas. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14090965"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.03.019","article-title":"National-level environmental perceptions and walking among urban and rural residents: Informing surveillance of walkability","volume":"123","author":"Whitfield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2019.03.015","article-title":"Examining urban and rural bicycling in the United States: Early findings from the 2017 National Household Travel Survey","volume":"13","author":"Tribby","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2018.12.005","article-title":"Municipal officials\u2019 propensity toward active transportation: A rural-urban comparison","volume":"12","author":"Blanchette","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2020.102899","article-title":"Examining non-linear associations between population density and waist-hip ratio: An application of gradient boosting decision trees","volume":"107","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2019.102487","article-title":"The gap between and determinants of growth in car ownership in urban and rural areas of China: A longitudinal data case study","volume":"79","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Warner, M.E., and Wethington, E. (2020). Can Age-Friendly Planning Promote Equity in Community Health Across the Rural-Urban Divide in the US?. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17041275"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2019.01.003","article-title":"How are the built environment and household travel characteristics associated with children\u2019s active transport in Melbourne, Australia?","volume":"12","author":"Carver","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Xiaohelaiti, X., Zhang, Y., Liu, X., Chen, X., Li, C., Wang, T., and Wu, J. (2022). Gender Differences in Environmental Correlates of Cycling Activity among Older Urban Adults. Land, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/land11010052"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2008.06.009","article-title":"The impact of demographics, built environment attributes, vehicle characteristics, and gasoline prices on household vehicle holdings and use","volume":"43","author":"Bhat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1080\/10548408.2019.1598534","article-title":"Modeling the perception of walking environmental quality in a traffic-free tourist destination","volume":"37","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Travel Tour. Mark."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102552","article-title":"Examining non-linear built environment effects on elderly\u2019s walking: A random forest approach","volume":"88","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2018.02.009","article-title":"Applying gradient boosting decision trees to examine non-linear effects of the built environment on driving distance in Oslo","volume":"110","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A-Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2019.102560","article-title":"Exploring the non-linear associations between spatial attributes and walking distance to transit","volume":"82","author":"Tao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T., and Guestrin, C. (2016, January 13\u201317). XGBoost: A Scalable Tree Boosting System. Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z., and Fan, W. (2021). A Freeway Travel Time Prediction Method Based on An XGBoost Model. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13158577"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"102","article-title":"Non-linear effects of the built environment on elderly\u2019s active travel:An extreme gradient boosting approach","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012127","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/113\/1\/012127","article-title":"Application of XGBoost algorithm in hourly PM2.5 concentration prediction","volume":"113","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3141\/2387-12","article-title":"Built Environment and Household Electric Bike Ownership","volume":"2387","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. (2015). The Relationship between Multidimensional Fcctors and Commuting Travel Behavior, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2016.02.006","article-title":"Can transit-oriented developments help achieve the recommended weekly level of physical activity?","volume":"3","author":"Langlois","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-009-9214-z","article-title":"A traffic analysis zone definition: A new methodology and algorithm","volume":"36","author":"Martinez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/01944361003766766","article-title":"Travel and the Built Environment","volume":"76","author":"Ewing","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Plan. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3141\/1607-16","article-title":"Travel Behavior as Function of Accessibility, Land Use Mixing, and Land Use Balance: Evidence from San Francisco Bay Area","volume":"1607","author":"Kockelman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2021.1879739","article-title":"Older people and nature: The benefits of outdoors, parks and nature in light of COVID-19 and beyond- where to from here?","volume":"32","author":"Levinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Envion. Health Res"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.12968","article-title":"Garden greenery and the health of older people in residential care facilities: A multi-level cross-sectional study","volume":"72","author":"Dahlkvist","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2020.102308","article-title":"Positive HABITATS for physical activity: Examining use of parks and its contribution to physical activity levels in mid-to older-aged adults","volume":"63","author":"Hooper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2019.03.010","article-title":"Active travel for active ageing in China: The role of built environment","volume":"76","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2022.104180","article-title":"How is commute mode choice related to built environment in a high-density urban context?","volume":"134","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2016.06.008","article-title":"Effects of the built environment on automobile-involved pedestrian crash frequency and risk","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2023.104961","article-title":"The nonlinear relationship between the active travel behavior of older adults and built environments: A comparison between an inner-city area and a suburban area","volume":"99","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2023.103856","article-title":"Nonlinear, threshold and synergistic effects of first\/last-mile facilities on metro ridership","volume":"121","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2017.07.005","article-title":"Spatio-temporal travel characteristics of the elderly in an ageing society","volume":"9","author":"Szeto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Travel Behav. Soc."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2016.11.003","article-title":"The influence of built environment on travel behavior of the elderly in urban China","volume":"52","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/00420980601023885","article-title":"Elderly Mobility: Demographic and Spatial Analysis of Trip Making in the Hamilton CMA, Canada","volume":"44","author":"Paez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"722","article-title":"Research progress on spatial behaviors of the elderly in China","volume":"32","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2019.09.005","article-title":"Non-linear relationships between built environment characteristics and electric-bike ownership in Zhongshan, China","volume":"75","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/S0965-8564(03)00073-9","article-title":"The mobility and accessibility expectations of seniors in an aging population","volume":"37","author":"Alsnih","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2019.102168","article-title":"Exploring the linkage between greenness exposure and depression among Chinese people: Mediating roles of physical activity, stress and social cohesion and moderating role of urbanicity","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2020.126907","article-title":"Association between residential greenness and general health among older adults in rural and urban areas in China","volume":"59","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Zhang, Q., Zhao, L., Yan, L., and Li, X. (2013). Analysis of Influence of Reasonable Planting Density of City Greening and Excessive, Chinese Society of Landscape Architecture."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/13\/9\/316\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:47:03Z","timestamp":1760111223000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/13\/9\/316"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi13090316"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi13090316","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]}}}