{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T09:09:00Z","timestamp":1769072940106,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41561085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41561085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Scientific and logical classification is crucial for efficient information storage, management, and sharing. However, there are numerous existing classification systems for geographical entities, and the categories to which the same geographical entity belongs are often different in the business databases constructed according to different classification systems, which brings great obstacles to the management and sharing of geographical information. This study analyzes the complexities of multiple classifications of geographical entities and proposes a multi-classification model for geographical entities based on directed hypergraph theory. This model integrates and transforms different classification systems for the same geographical entity, creating a unified method for expressing multiple classifications. We also designed a data structure to support this unified expression. By implementing this model, the study enables the effective management of geographical entity data, facilitating improved sharing and the exchange of geographical information across different industries and applications. In practical, the multi-classification model proposed in this paper allows geographical entities from different classification systems to be stored and managed within a single geographical database. Data views are then used to provide tailored services to various industry sectors and business applications. This approach effectively reduces data duplication and enhances the efficiency of managing and sharing geographical information. Using land use classification as an example, this study constructs a unified expression of three different land use classification systems based on the multi-classification model. An experiment managing land use data for a specific city was conducted using this model in PostgreSQL. The results indicate that the proposed method not only reduces data redundancy but also improves the query efficiency by over 10% on average compared to the mainstream relational database management mode. This confirms the effectiveness and practical value of the proposed method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13090334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T03:34:20Z","timestamp":1726716860000},"page":"334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Geographical Entity Management Model Based on Multi-Classification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoji","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Territorial Space Survey and Planning Research Center of Ganzhou, Ganzhou 341000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Territorial Space Survey and Planning Research Center of Ganzhou, Ganzhou 341000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"\u201cScientific Spirit\u201d or \u201cScientific Obscurantism:\u201d? An Analysis Starting from Xunzi\u2019s aradox of \u201cnot Seeking to Know Nature\u201d","volume":"39","author":"Mao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stud. Dialectics Nat."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"109","article-title":"The Thoughts on New Science Education in New Education Experiment","volume":"2","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Educ. Sci. China"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Research on the Ontology of Geographic Information Classification and Coding","volume":"18","author":"He","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geogr. Territ. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1208","article-title":"An Object-oriented Representation Method for Multi-granularity for Spatio-temporal Position of Geographical Entities","volume":"19","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geo-Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"976","article-title":"A Semantic Categorization of Hydrological Domain Based on Formal Concept Analysis","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Cartogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"265","article-title":"A study of Earth System Science data classification for data sharing","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"93","article-title":"Study on Classification System of Data for Earth System Science","volume":"24","author":"Liao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.61935\/aedmr.2.1.2024.P66","article-title":"Design and Engineering Practices of National Fundamental Geo-Entity Relationship","volume":"1","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"AEDMR"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, R., Lei, J., Yao, H., Li, T., and Li, S. (2023). Anchor-Enhanced Geographical Entity Representation Learning. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst., 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2023.3329822"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Construction of Geographical Entity Classification and Coding System","volume":"42","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mod. Surv. Mapp."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"2203","article-title":"A review of the classification of natural resources","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resour. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(1993). Classify and Codes for the National Land Information (Standard No. GB\/T 13923-1992[S\/OL])."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2006). Specifications for Feature Classification and Codes of Fundamental Geographic Information (Standard No. GB\/T 13923-2006[S\/OL])."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2018). Specification for Geo-entity Spatial Data (Standard No. GB\/T 37118-2018[S\/OL])."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2022). Classification and Codes for General Geographical Entities of the Police (Standard No. DB32\/T 4292-2022[S\/OL])."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2008). Coding rules for Entity Identification Code of Traffic Management Geographical Information\u2014City Road (Standard No. GB\/T 21381-2008[S])."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2017). Current Land Use Classification (Standard No. GB\/T 21010-2017[S])."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"87","article-title":"Data Logic Study for the Resources and Environment Information System Design in a Feature based Approach","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Di Gregorio, A., and O\u2019brien, D. (2012). Overview of land-cover classifications and their interoperability. Remote Sensing of Land Use and Land Cover: Principles and Application, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2013.803555","article-title":"Semantically based reclassification of Danish land-use and land-cover information","volume":"27","author":"Jepsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"816","article-title":"Land Use Zoning Model Considering Semantic Similarity of Geographic Entity","volume":"40","author":"Niu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomat. Inf. Sci. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"16","article-title":"Semantie Analysis between Different Classification Systems: Take Natural Resource Survey as an Example","volume":"36","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geogr. Geo-Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"2106","article-title":"Current status of natural resources classification and unified classification of natural resources for the future","volume":"41","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geol. Bull. China"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1860","article-title":"Classification system of natural resources for integrated management","volume":"42","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Resour. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-57207-4_18","article-title":"Toward a theoretical framework for geographic entity types","volume":"Volume 716","author":"Mark","year":"1993","journal-title":"Spatial Information Theory a Theoretical Basis for GIS"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"8","article-title":"Research and Implement of Distributed Multi-standard Geo-metadata Sharing","volume":"23","author":"Feng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geogr. Geo-Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/01944365908978322","article-title":"A Multiple Land Use Classification System","volume":"25","author":"Guttenberg","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Am. Inst. Plan."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"853","article-title":"Efcient hypergraph neural network on million-level data","volume":"54","author":"Ji","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Sin. Inform."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3558","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.33013558","article-title":"Hypergraph Neural Networks","volume":"33","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"AAAI"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Ouvrard, X. (2020). Hypergraphs: An introduction and review. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertault, F., and Eades, P. (2001). Drawing Hypergraphs in the Subset Standard. Graph Drawing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44541-2_15"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3605776","article-title":"A Survey on Hypergraph Representation Learning","volume":"56","author":"Antelmi","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2020.107637","article-title":"Hypergraph convolution and hypergraph attention","volume":"110","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4290","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2012.2199502","article-title":"3-D Object Retrieval and Recognition With Hypergraph Analysis","volume":"21","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"T-HyperGNNs: Hypergraph Neural Networks via Tensor Representations","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2018). Standard for Classification of Urban Green Space (Standard No. CJJ\/T 85-2017[S\/OL])."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1142","article-title":"Description Frame of Data Model of Multi-granularity Spatio-temporal Object for Pan-spatial Information System","volume":"19","author":"Hua","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geo-Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tambassi, T. (2019). What a Geographical Entity Could Be. The Philosophy of GIS, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16829-2"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inkpen, R., and Wilson, G. (2013). Entities and classification. Science, Philosophy and Physical Geography, Routledge. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203806340"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"331","article-title":"The Core Problems and Key Technologies of Pan-SpatialInformation System","volume":"33","author":"Hua","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geomaties Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M. (2024, January 12\u201314). Research on multi-granularity division method based on quotient space geographic entities. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Geology, Mapping, and Remote Sensing (ICGMRS 2023), Wuhan, China.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.3019582"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"43","article-title":"Research of database inquire performance optimization based on MySQL","volume":"29","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electron. Des. Eng."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/13\/9\/334\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:59:12Z","timestamp":1760111952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/13\/9\/334"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi13090334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi13090334","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]]}}}