{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:39:51Z","timestamp":1782434391071,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University North","award":["UNIN-TEH-24-1-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UNIN-TEH-24-1-16"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chilika Lake, a RAMSAR site, is an environmentally and ecologically pivotal coastal lagoon in India facing significant emerging environmental challenges due to anthropogenic activities and natural processes. Traditional in situ water quality monitoring methods are often labor intensive and time consuming. This study presents a novel approach for ex situ water quality monitoring in Chilika Lake, located on the east coast of India, utilizing Google Earth Engine (GEE) and spectral indices, such as the Normalized Difference Turbidity Index (NDTI), Normalized Difference Chlorophyll Index (NDCI), and total suspended solids (TSS). The methodology involves the integration of multi-temporal satellite imagery and advanced spectral indices to assess key water quality parameters, such as turbidity, chlorophyll-a concentration, and suspended sediments. The NDTI value in Chilika Lake increased from 2019 to 2021, and the Automatic Water Extraction Index (AWEI) method estimated the TSS concentration. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in providing accurate and comprehensive water quality assessments, which are crucial for the sustainable management of Chilika Lake. Maps and visualization are presented using GIS software. This study can effectively detect floating algal blooms, identify pollution sources, and determine environmental changes over time. Developing intuitive dashboards and visualization tools can help stakeholders engage with data-driven insights, increase community participation in conservation, and identify pollution sources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13110381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T09:57:36Z","timestamp":1730368656000},"page":"381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Novel Approach for Ex Situ Water Quality Monitoring Using the Google Earth Engine and Spectral Indices in Chilika Lake, Odisha, India"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7190-5761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subhasmita","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing & GIS, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada 757003, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0526-9693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debabrata","family":"Nandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing & GIS, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada 757003, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9648-0114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rakesh Ranjan","family":"Thakur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Odisha State Disaster Management Authority, Revenue and Disaster Management Department, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2319-7339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dillip Kumar","family":"Bera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duryadhan","family":"Behera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Sambalpur University, Sambalpur 768019, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2361-8036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bojan","family":"\u0110urin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University North, 42000 Varazdin, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1835-5777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vlado","family":"Cetl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geodesy and Geomatics, University North, 42000 Varazdin, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s40899-023-00835-0","article-title":"Monitoring of Water Quality in Selected Water Bodies in the Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation","volume":"9","author":"Ramanaiah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain. 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