{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T05:01:09Z","timestamp":1783573269408,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University","award":["RSP2024R296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2024R296"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid urbanization occurring globally has significantly intensified the challenges of waste management in densely populated metropolitan areas. A growing amount of waste has become a major concern for municipal authorities and local governments due to the limited availability of suitable land. Geospatial techniques, such as Geographic Information Systems (GISs) and remote sensing, combined with machine learning, play a crucial role in identifying suitable sites for urban waste management. These techniques assist planners in making well-informed decisions that strike a balance between environmental preservation and urban expansion by examining spatial data on land use, population density, and environmental concerns. Geospatial tools provide a data-driven basis for policy and urban planning, ensuring effective land use, reducing ecological hazards, and promoting sustainable urban growth for municipalities such as English Bazar and Old Malda. It can also pose serious threats to the environment, public health, and communities. Focusing on the English Bazar and Old Malda Municipalities in India, this paper examines the use of geospatial technologies to identify suitable sites for waste disposal. The research aims to address the complex processes of waste generation, collection, and disposal in urban environments. Using GIS and a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) approach, the study employs the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) alongside the Random Forest (RF) model and a machine learning (ML) technique to identify potential waste disposal sites within the English Bazar and Old Malda Municipalities in the Malda district. Eight key criteria were considered in the site selection process: land elevation; distances from surface water, roads, railways, and urban areas; groundwater depth; land use and land cover; and distance from sensitive and restricted areas. AHP analysis showed that 8%, 26%, and 27% of the sites were categorized as very highly suitable, moderately suitable, and unsuitable, respectively. Meanwhile, 38%, 17%, and 13% of the areas were classified as unsuitable, moderately suitable, and very highly suitable according to the RF model. The overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient indicated that the AHP method (overall capacity of 83.83% and Kappa coefficient of 0.7894) was slightly better than the RF model (overall capacity of 80.61% and Kappa coefficient of 0.7474) for site suitability analysis. This research underscores the broad relevance of geospatial technology in creating resilient and environmentally sustainable cities while offering valuable guidance on effectively allocating waste disposal sites. The findings provide crucial insights for urban planners and decision-makers, facilitating the identification of optimal locations for sustainable waste management in urban settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13110388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T09:57:36Z","timestamp":1730368656000},"page":"388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Future Site Suitability for Urban Waste Management in English Bazar and Old Malda Municipalities, West Bengal: A Geospatial and Machine Learning Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Suresh","family":"Mondal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610005, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mst Tania","family":"Parveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Applied Geography, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 730413, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7683-9206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asraful","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Serampore Girls\u2019 College, Serampore 712201, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7385-2384","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Rukhsana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Aliah University, Kolkata 700014, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0703-5463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazrul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar 736101, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7147-0849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Calka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geospatial Engineering and Geodesy, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0384-9061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bashar","family":"Bashir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1112-387X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Zhran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Works Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anthro-102214-014146","article-title":"Waste and Waste Management","volume":"44","author":"Reno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. 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