{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:53:37Z","timestamp":1762509217425,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41930104","42371444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41930104","42371444"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tourism cultural image is vital for conveying the cultural essence of a destination, enhancing tourists\u2019 cultural understanding and engagement. However, traditional tourism cultural maps often face challenges in clearly defining cultural themes and effectively communicating cultural and emotional information to users. To address these issues, we propose an improved information transmission model for a tourism cultural map to optimize the communication pathway between cartographers and map users. Based on this model, we introduce a method for mining and visualizing tourism cultural image using tourist attractions as the focal points. Then, based on the visualization results, we discuss the selection of map expression objects and the framework of map visualization design. Finally, we give an implementation process of a tourism cultural map of tourist attractions based on mining and visualization of tourism cultural image. To verify the method\u2019s feasibility, we developed a mobile interactive tourism cultural map application using Xuanwu Lake in Nanjing, China, as an example. The results demonstrate the method\u2019s effectiveness in tourism cultural image mining and visualization, provide solutions to the problems of traditional tourism cultural maps, and help tourists\u2019 understanding of the culture of tourist attractions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13110391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T09:49:14Z","timestamp":1730454554000},"page":"391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Mining and Visualization of Tourism Cultural Image Based on the Information Transmission Model of Tourism Cultural Map\u2014Taking Nanjing Xuanwu Lake Tourist Attraction as an Example"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8350-178X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2183-7913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6787-3330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuai","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2912-6235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fengzhen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patuelli, R., Mussoni, M., and Candela, G. (2016). The Effects of World Heritage Sites on Domestic Tourism: A Spatial Interaction Model for Italy, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-30196-9_13"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhtm.2018.03.005","article-title":"Cultural tourism: A review of recent research and trends","volume":"36","author":"Richards","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Richards, G. (2018). UNWTO Report on Tourism and Culture Synergies, UNWTO."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s42779-019-0009-3","article-title":"Indonesian food culture mapping: A starter contribution to promote Indonesian culinary tourism","volume":"6","author":"Wijaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethn. Foods"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, L., Ouyang, F., Sun, Y., Chen, W., Li, Y., and Zhao, R. (2022). Integrated Sustainable Development of Culture into Tourist Map Design: A Case from Foshan, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114191"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.18089\/tms.2019.15SI05","article-title":"Mapping intangibilities in creative tourism territories through tangible objects: A methodological approach for developing creative tourism offers","volume":"15","author":"Marques","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tour. Manag. Stud."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"178","article-title":"Tourism map design for historical and cultural cities: Thematic content and visualization strategy","volume":"46","author":"Weng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Surv. Mapp."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Kotsafti, A. (2023). Digital Storytelling with Maps for Travel and Tourism. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki]."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"100308","article-title":"Unveiling trends in digital tourism research: A bibliometric analysis of co-citation and co-word analysis","volume":"20","author":"Wider","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sustain. Indic."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, W., Hong, S., Chai, T., Shen, J., and Shen, J. (2022). Cultural landscape reproduction of typical religious architecture in qingjiangpu based on scene theory. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13010082"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Ruan, K. (2023). Online 3D Qilou: The Distribution of Heritage with VR and Mapping. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Duke University]."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"5","article-title":"Potential of the Heritage Marketing in Tourist Destinations Development. \u010ci\u010dva castle ruins case study","volume":"59","year":"2017","journal-title":"Folia Geogr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1683478X.2011.10552601","article-title":"Preservation, conservation and heritage: Approaches to the past in the present through the built environment","volume":"10","author":"Ashworth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"674","article-title":"The image of Corridor Tourism Destination Based on Internet-Text: A Case Studt of Southern Anhui \u201cSichuan-Tibet Line\u201d","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"203","article-title":"Traditional Village Image Perception Research Based on Tourist UGC Data: A Case of Chengkan Village","volume":"40","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Econ. Geograohy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Sha, C., Su, W., and Donkor, E.K.N. (2022). Research on online destination image of Zhenjiang section of the Grand Canal based on network content analysis. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14052731"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu, Q., Bao, G., and Sun, J. (2022). Progress and prospects of destination image research in the last decade. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su141710716"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/004728757501300301","article-title":"Image as a Factor in Tourism Development","volume":"13","author":"Hunt","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Travel Res."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"69","article-title":"The Triadic Nexus: Understanding the Interplay and Semantic Boundaries between Place Identity, Place Image, and Place Reputation","volume":"66","year":"2024","journal-title":"Folia Geogr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1177\/0047287521995134","article-title":"How to \u201cRead\u201d a Destination from Images? Machine Learning and Network Methods for DMOs\u2019 Image Projection and Photo Evaluation","volume":"61","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Travel Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/004728758902700302","article-title":"A Repertory Grid Analysis Of Austria\u2019s Image As A Summer Vacation Destination","volume":"27","author":"Embacher","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Travel Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2012.02.008","article-title":"Core-periphery structure of destination image: Concept, evidence and implication","volume":"39","author":"Lai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1177\/1096348006297290","article-title":"Conceptualization and operationalization of destination image","volume":"31","author":"Tasci","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1177\/0047287513513161","article-title":"Perceived destination image: An image model for a winter sports destination and its effect on intention to revisit","volume":"54","author":"Hallmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Travel Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1177\/0047287513516389","article-title":"Destination personality, affective image, and behavioral intentions in domestic urban tourism","volume":"54","author":"Papadimitriou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Travel Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-7383(01)00031-7","article-title":"Destination image: Towards a conceptual framework","volume":"29","author":"Gallarza","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"148","article-title":"Cultural connotation upgrading in religious heritage tourism on the perspective of cultural image","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Zhong, S. (2013). Research on Tourism Industry and Cultural Industry Intergrative Development from the Perspective of Culture Image: Case Study of Mount. Wudang. [Ph.D. Thesis, Wuhan University]."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"321","article-title":"A positivist study on cultural theme park tourism optimization using IPA methods in Kaifeng Millennium City Park","volume":"35","author":"Xin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Resour. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1285","article-title":"The study on tourist destination tourism image perception and evaluation in Xi\u2019an City","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/09548963.2012.674751","article-title":"Cultural map of Finland 2007: Analysing cultural differences using multiple correspondence analysis","volume":"21","author":"Kahma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cult. Trends"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhen, W., Huang, S., Tian, Z., and Yang, X. (2024). A Novel Visual Narrative Framework for Tourist Map Design Based on Local Chronicles: A Case Study of the Songshan Scenic Area. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13020045"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"153","article-title":"The design of campus cultural atlas\u2014A case of Luojia Walking Atlas","volume":"45","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Surv. Mapp."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"145","article-title":"Theoretical framework and case study of urban cultural atlas design","volume":"46","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Surv. Mapp."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/09548963.2010.515006","article-title":"Geographic information technologies for cultural research: Cultural mapping and the prospects of colliding epistemologies","volume":"19","author":"Gibson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cult. Trends"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.26833\/ijeg.535630","article-title":"User-centered design and evaluation of multimodal tourist maps","volume":"4","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Li, M. (2022). Design and Research of Folk Culture in the Tourist Map of Rugao Ancient City. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Changzhou University]."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.11834\/jrs.20211180","article-title":"The design and realization of the ancient city narrative map based on spatiotemporal knowledge graph","volume":"25","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Natl. Remote Sens. Bull."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2024, June 25). Xuanwu Lake. Available online: https:\/\/www.xuanwuhu.net\/english\/."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1179\/caj.1969.6.1.47","article-title":"Cartographic Information\u2014A Fundamental Concept and Term in Modern Cartography","volume":"6","year":"1969","journal-title":"Cartogr. J."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"62","article-title":"Information Transmission Model of Cross-Media Atlas","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geomat."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"527","article-title":"Information transmission model of high definition map for autonomous driving","volume":"49","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geomat. Inf. Sci. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1108","article-title":"Pan-map representation in ICT era","volume":"51","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Cartogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1080\/15456870.2015.972282","article-title":"Social media: Defining, developing, and divining","volume":"23","author":"Carr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atl. J. Commun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2009.09.003","article-title":"Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media","volume":"53","author":"Kaplan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bus. Horiz."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1080\/10548408.2018.1553749","article-title":"The effect of online interaction and trust on consumers\u2019 value co-creation behavior in the online travel community","volume":"37","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Travel Tour. Mark."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, Q., and Zhang, M. (2021). Using content analysis to probe the cognitive image of intangible cultural heritage tourism: An exploration of Chinese social media. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10040240"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"2034","article-title":"Study on tourist perception of scenic spot tourism image using ROST-CM6 text analysis-a case study of Guangjiqiao in Chaozhou, China","volume":"2583","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. J. Arts Humanit. Soc. Sci. ISSN"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000463","article-title":"Semantic network analysis (SemNA): A tutorial on preprocessing, estimating, and analyzing semantic networks","volume":"28","author":"Christensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Alper, B., Yang, H., Haber, E., and Kandogan, E. (2011, January 23\u201328). Opinionblocks: Visualizing consumer reviews. Proceedings of the IEEE VisWeek 2011 Workshop on Interactive Visual Text Analytics for Decision Making, Providence, RI, USA."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1108\/JRIT-05-2017-0011","article-title":"Evaluating emotion visualizations using AffectVis, an affect-aware dashboard for students","volume":"10","author":"Derick","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Res. Innov. Teach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Zhang, Y., and Luo, J. (2019, January 8\u201312). Human-centered emotion recognition in animated gifs. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME.2019.00191"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, N.-C., Feldman, L.B., Kroll, J.F., and Aragon, C.R. (2014, January 25\u201331). Emoticons and linguistic alignment: How visual analytics can elicit storytelling. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Conference on Visual Analytics Science and Technology (VAST), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/VAST.2014.7042508"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Topal, K., and Ozsoyoglu, G. (2016, January 18\u201321). Movie review analysis: Emotion analysis of IMDb movie reviews. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM), San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ASONAM.2016.7752387"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729881420904213","DOI":"10.1177\/1729881420904213","article-title":"Emotional characteristics and time series analysis of Internet public opinion participants based on emotional feature words","volume":"17","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kempter, R., Sintsova, V., Musat, C., and Pu, P. (2014, January 3\u20136). EmotionWatch: Visualizing fine-grained emotions in event-related tweets. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Buffalo, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v8i1.14556"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"201","article-title":"Study on image of marine tourism destination based on grounded theory and text analysis\u2014A case of Hawaii","volume":"28","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30051-2","article-title":"Novel subgroups of adult-onset diabetes and their association with outcomes: A data-driven cluster analysis of six variables","volume":"6","author":"Ahlqvist","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Deng, B. (2022). Research on Heritage Site Tourism Image Based on Online Text Mining\u2014Acase of the Suzhou Section of the Grand Canal. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Chang\u2019an University]."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1362\/026725799784870496","article-title":"Experiential marketing","volume":"15","author":"Schmitt","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Mark. Manag."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289565","article-title":"Multidimensional scaling by optimizing goodness of fit to a nonmetric hypothesis","volume":"29","author":"Kruskal","year":"1964","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1801","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1801","article-title":"Research on the perception of the terrain image of the tourism destination based on multimodal user-generated content data","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Peerj Comput. Sci."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/13\/11\/391\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:26:44Z","timestamp":1760113604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/13\/11\/391"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi13110391"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi13110391","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2220-9964"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]}}}