{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T03:29:11Z","timestamp":1771471751599,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Social Science Foundation","award":["22AZD082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22AZD082"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation","award":["2023BSH003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BSH003"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation","award":["22Z350204369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22Z350204369"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation","award":["2022BSH005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BSH005"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation","award":["23DZ1202900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ1202900"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation","award":["23DZ1203200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ1203200"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation","award":["23DZ1202400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ1202400"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation","award":["22DZ1203200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22DZ1203200"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation","award":["21Z510203259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21Z510203259"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation","award":["21DZ1200800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21DZ1200800"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation","award":["JKS-HZX_2022-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JKS-HZX_2022-13"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation","award":["K2015K017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2015K017"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Social Science Foundation","award":["22AZD082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22AZD082"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Social Science Foundation","award":["2023BSH003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BSH003"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Social Science Foundation","award":["22Z350204369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22Z350204369"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Social Science Foundation","award":["2022BSH005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BSH005"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Social Science Foundation","award":["23DZ1202900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ1202900"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Social Science Foundation","award":["23DZ1203200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ1203200"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Social Science Foundation","award":["23DZ1202400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ1202400"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Social Science Foundation","award":["22DZ1203200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22DZ1203200"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Social Science Foundation","award":["21Z510203259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21Z510203259"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Social Science Foundation","award":["21DZ1200800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21DZ1200800"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Social Science Foundation","award":["JKS-HZX_2022-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JKS-HZX_2022-13"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Social Science Foundation","award":["K2015K017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2015K017"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Scientific Research Foundation","award":["22AZD082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22AZD082"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Scientific Research Foundation","award":["2023BSH003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BSH003"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Scientific Research Foundation","award":["22Z350204369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22Z350204369"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Scientific Research Foundation","award":["2022BSH005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BSH005"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Scientific Research Foundation","award":["23DZ1202900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ1202900"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Scientific Research Foundation","award":["23DZ1203200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ1203200"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Scientific Research Foundation","award":["23DZ1202400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ1202400"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Scientific Research Foundation","award":["22DZ1203200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22DZ1203200"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Scientific Research Foundation","award":["21Z510203259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21Z510203259"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Scientific Research Foundation","award":["21DZ1200800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21DZ1200800"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Scientific Research Foundation","award":["JKS-HZX_2022-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JKS-HZX_2022-13"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Scientific Research Foundation","award":["K2015K017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2015K017"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Healthy Shanghai Action","award":["22AZD082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22AZD082"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Healthy Shanghai Action","award":["2023BSH003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BSH003"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Healthy Shanghai Action","award":["22Z350204369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22Z350204369"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Healthy Shanghai Action","award":["2022BSH005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BSH005"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Healthy Shanghai Action","award":["23DZ1202900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ1202900"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Healthy Shanghai Action","award":["23DZ1203200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ1203200"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Healthy Shanghai Action","award":["23DZ1202400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ1202400"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Healthy Shanghai Action","award":["22DZ1203200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22DZ1203200"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Healthy Shanghai Action","award":["21Z510203259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21Z510203259"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Healthy Shanghai Action","award":["21DZ1200800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21DZ1200800"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Healthy Shanghai Action","award":["JKS-HZX_2022-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JKS-HZX_2022-13"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Healthy Shanghai Action","award":["K2015K017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2015K017"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund","award":["22AZD082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22AZD082"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund","award":["2023BSH003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BSH003"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund","award":["22Z350204369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22Z350204369"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund","award":["2022BSH005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BSH005"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund","award":["23DZ1202900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ1202900"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund","award":["23DZ1203200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ1203200"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund","award":["23DZ1202400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ1202400"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund","award":["22DZ1203200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22DZ1203200"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund","award":["21Z510203259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21Z510203259"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund","award":["21DZ1200800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21DZ1200800"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund","award":["JKS-HZX_2022-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JKS-HZX_2022-13"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund","award":["K2015K017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2015K017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In developing countries, aging is rapid and new towns in suburban and rural districts are emerging. However, the spatial accessibility and equity of healthcare services for older adults in new towns is rarely examined. This study is among the earliest attempts to evaluate the spatial accessibility and equity of public hospitals for older adults, using data from Songjiang District, Shanghai, China. A modified Gaussian Huff-based three-step floating catchment area (GH3SFCA) method was adopted based on the real-time travel costs of public transit, driving, cycling, and walking. The Gini coefficient and Bivariate Moran\u2019s Index were integrated to estimate spatial equity. The results showed that the spatial accessibility of high-tier hospitals decreases from the central areas to the outskirts for older adults in Songjiang. Meanwhile, the accessibility of low-tier hospitals varies substantially across areas. Although the low-tier hospitals are distributed evenly, their Gini coefficient showed less equitable spatial accessibility than the high-tier hospitals. Furthermore, driving and cycling lead to more equitable spatial accessibility than public transit or walking. Finally, communities with a low-supply\u2013high-demand mismatch for public hospitals were suggested to be improved preferentially. These findings will facilitate planning strategies for public hospitals for older adults in developing new towns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13110403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T12:12:13Z","timestamp":1730981533000},"page":"403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Examining Spatial Accessibility and Equity of Public Hospitals for Older Adults in Songjiang District, Shanghai"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mirkamiljan","family":"Mahmut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8649-742X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bozhezi","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"given":"Jiani","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7129-3451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"given":"Shengqiang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design Institute (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200092, China"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"},{"name":"Institute of Healthy Yangtze River Delta, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fatima, K., Moridpour, S., De Gruyter, C., and Saghapour, T. (2020). Elderly Sustainable Mobility: Scientific Paper Review. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12187319"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, B., Wang, L., Wu, J., Li, C., Wang, T., Yuan, S., and Zhang, Y. (2024). Association between Built Environment and Bus Usage among Older Adults: Urban\u2013Rural Differences in the Nonlinearities. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13090316"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2019.03.010","article-title":"Active travel for active ageing in China: The role of built environment","volume":"76","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015). China Country Assessment Report on Ageing and Health, WHO."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"United Nations (2017). World Population Ageing, Department of Economic and Social Affairs."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray, A.T., and Grubesic, T.H. (2016). Locational planning of health care facilities. Spatial Analysis in Health Geography, Routledge.","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780199874002-0125"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2023.12.007","article-title":"Neighborhood environment and body mass index in community-dwelling older adults in China: The mediating role of transport-related physical activity","volume":"55","author":"Xiaohelaiti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geriatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61347-7","article-title":"The burden of disease in older people and implications for health policy and practice","volume":"385","author":"Prince","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dewulf, B., Neutens, T., De Weerdt, Y., and Van de Weghe, N. (2013). Accessibility to primary health care in Belgium: An evaluation of policies awarding financial assistance in shortage areas. BMC Fam. Pract., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-14-122"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2016.01.008","article-title":"Contextualizing research on transportation and health: A systems perspective","volume":"3","author":"Widener","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1177\/00139160121973250","article-title":"The importance of transportation and prioritization of environmental needs to sustain well-being among older adults","volume":"33","author":"Cvitkovich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2008.00877.x","article-title":"Is neighborhood access to health care provision associated with individual-level utilization and satisfaction?","volume":"43","author":"Hiscock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300631","article-title":"Mobility and aging: New directions for public health action","volume":"102","author":"Satariano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2019.09.019","article-title":"Investigating walking accessibility to recreational amenities for elderly people in Nanjing, China","volume":"76","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-015-9585-2","article-title":"A method to evaluate equitable accessibility: Combining ethical theories and accessibility-based approaches","volume":"43","author":"Lucas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2015.01.011","article-title":"Exploring public transport equity between separate disadvantaged cohorts: A case study in Perth, Australia","volume":"43","author":"Ricciardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_553_22","article-title":"Health facility utilization and Healthcare-seeking behaviour of the elderly population in India","volume":"12","author":"Roopani","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2020.102919","article-title":"Re-planning an edge city: Tysons in the post-suburban era","volume":"106","author":"Charney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"20","article-title":"Spatial Accessibility Assessment of Healthcare Services and Governance Optimization in New Urban Areas of Megacity: The Case of Five New Towns in Shanghai","volume":"29","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1108\/S1047-0042(2010)0000010016","article-title":"Building for what and whom? New town development as planned suburbanization in China and India","volume":"Volume 10","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Suburbanization in Global Society"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Wang, K.L.J., and Wang, H. (2021). China\u2019s New Town and New District 40 Years: Process, Evaluation, and Prospect, China Architecture & Building Press."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Powell, B. (Time Magazine, 2010). Inside China\u2019s runaway building boom, Time Magazine."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/01944365908978307","article-title":"How accessibility shapes land use","volume":"25","author":"Hansen","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Am. Inst. Plan."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-2607(79)90012-8","article-title":"Accessibility indicators for transport planning","volume":"13","author":"Morris","year":"1979","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Gen."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-198102000-00001","article-title":"The concept of access: Definition and relationship to consumer satisfaction","volume":"19","author":"Penchansky","year":"1981","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1068\/b29120","article-title":"Measures of spatial accessibility to health care in a GIS environment: Synthesis and a case study in the Chicago region","volume":"30","author":"Luo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.20.3.629","article-title":"A spatial-allocation model for regional health-services planning","volume":"20","author":"Abernathy","year":"1972","journal-title":"Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-11-6","article-title":"Spatial modelling of healthcare utilisation for treatment of fever in Namibia","volume":"11","author":"Alegana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1068\/a141479","article-title":"Equity, efficiency, and accessibility in urban and regional health-care systems","volume":"14","author":"Mayhew","year":"1982","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. A"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanser, F., Gething, P., and Atkinson, P. (2009). Location-allocation Planning. A Companion to Health and Medical Geography, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444314762.ch28"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1080\/00045608.2012.657146","article-title":"Measurement, optimization, and impact of health care accessibility: A methodological review","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, F. (2014). Quantitative Methods and Socio-Economic Applications in GIS, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b17967"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"341","article-title":"Individual accessibility revisited: Implications for geographical analysis in the twenty-first century","volume":"35","author":"Kwan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1068\/a4230","article-title":"Equity of urban service delivery: A comparison of different accessibility measures","volume":"42","author":"Neutens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. A"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-3-3","article-title":"Spatial accessibility of primary care: Concepts, methods and challenges","volume":"3","author":"Guagliardo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2014.12.006","article-title":"Accessibility, equity and health care: Review and research directions for transport geographers","volume":"43","author":"Neutens","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9272.2006.00569.x","article-title":"Measuring potential access to primary healthcare services: The influence of alternative spatial representations of population","volume":"58","author":"Langford","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prof. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2013.08.008","article-title":"Measuring spatial accessibility to healthcare for populations with multiple transportation modes","volume":"24","author":"Mao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2023.101567","article-title":"Spatial inequalities in preventive breast cancer care: A comparison of different accessibility approaches for prevention facilities in Bavaria, Germany","volume":"29","author":"Rauch","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2010.06.012","article-title":"Black residential segregation, disparities in spatial access to health care facilities, and late-stage breast cancer diagnosis in metropolitan Detroit","volume":"16","author":"Dai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1068\/b36149","article-title":"Geographic disparities in accessibility to food stores in southwest Mississippi","volume":"38","author":"Dai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2009.06.002","article-title":"An enhanced two-step floating catchment area (E2SFCA) method for measuring spatial accessibility to primary care physicians","volume":"15","author":"Luo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2011.624987","article-title":"A three-step floating catchment area method for analyzing spatial access to health services","volume":"26","author":"Wan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12096","article-title":"Integrating the huff model and floating catchment area methods to analyze spatial access to healthcare services","volume":"18","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"12","article-title":"Analyzing potential spatial access to primary care services with an enhanced floating catchment area method","volume":"51","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cartogr. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Geovisualization"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, Z., and Wang, Q. (2022). Facility or Transport Inequality? Decomposing Healthcare Accessibility Inequality in Shenzhen, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116897"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2021.103541","article-title":"Analyzing spatiotemporal accessibility patterns to tertiary healthcare services by integrating total travel cost into an improved E3SFCA method in Changsha, China","volume":"122","author":"Xing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2020.100926","article-title":"Examining geographical accessibility to multi-tier hospital care services for the elderly: A focus on spatial equity","volume":"19","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"74","article-title":"Effects of choice of data aggregation method to a point on walking accessibility results using the G2SFCA method","volume":"25","author":"Lechowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pr. Kom. Geogr. Komun. PTG"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/ger.12157","article-title":"Major metropolis rail system access to dental care for the retired and elderly: A high-resolution geographic study of Sydney, Australia","volume":"32","author":"Zainab","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gerodontology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1071\/PY15175","article-title":"Mapping access to health services as a strategy for planning: Access to primary care for older people in regional Queensland","volume":"23","author":"Evans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust. J. Prim. Health"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2009.02.005","article-title":"Disparities in long-term healthcare","volume":"44","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nurs. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1080\/15568318.2018.1512691","article-title":"Assessing bus transit service from the perspective of elderly passengers in Harbin, China","volume":"13","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Transp."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/19427867.2017.1364460","article-title":"Structural equation models to analyze activity participation, trip generation, and mode choice of low-income commuters","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"629","article-title":"Geographic accessibility around health care facilities for elderly residents in Hong Kong: A microscale walkability assessment","volume":"39","author":"Loo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2018.05.005","article-title":"Modeling the influence of social ties and transportation choice on access to oral healthcare for older adults","volume":"96","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2018.02.013","article-title":"Modeling accessibility of screening and treatment facilities for older adults using transportation networks","volume":"93","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeoa.2014.08.005","article-title":"Public healthcare eligibility and the utilisation of GP services by older people in Ireland","volume":"6","author":"Hudson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Econ. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Li, C., Zhu, L., Liu, X., Peng, B., Wang, T., Yuan, S., and Zhang, Y. (2024). Nonlinear and threshold effects of built environment on older adults\u2019 walking duration: Do age and retirement status matter?. Front. Public Health, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1418733"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013059","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013059","article-title":"Are differences in travel time or distance to healthcare for adults in global north countries associated with an impact on health outcomes? A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Kelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1177\/2399808318755145","article-title":"Modelling the spatial accessibility of the elderly to healthcare services in Beijing, China","volume":"46","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, H.-C., and Tseng, M.-H. (2018). Evaluating disparities in elderly community care resources: Using a geographic accessibility and inequality index. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071353"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-11-32","article-title":"Spatial access to residential care resources in Beijing, China","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, M., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, S., and Hickman, R. (2019). Using different approaches to evaluate individual social equity in transport. A Companion to Transport, Space and Equity, Edward Elgar Publishing.","DOI":"10.4337\/9781788119825.00024"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2018.04.012","article-title":"Accessibility, affordability and equity: Assessing \u2018pro-poor\u2019public transport subsidies in Bogot\u00e1","volume":"68","author":"Guzman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.07.032","article-title":"Geographic distribution of healthcare resources, healthcare service provision, and patient flow in Japan: A cross sectional study","volume":"75","author":"Shinjo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2013.80","article-title":"Disparity in the spatial distribution of clinics within a metropolitan city","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geospat. Health"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, X., Wei, Y., Deng, W., Zhang, S., Zhou, P., Liu, Y., and Wan, J. (2019). Spatio-temporal distribution, spillover effects and influences of China\u2019s two levels of public healthcare resources. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16040582"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1111\/anti.12302","article-title":"The suburb as a space of capital accumulation: The development of new towns in Shanghai, China","volume":"49","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antipode"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.09.042","article-title":"Assessing spatial access to public and private hospitals in Sichuan, China: The influence of the private sector on the healthcare geography in China","volume":"170","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Song, X., Wei, Y., and Deng, W. (2019). Spatial equity of multilevel healthcare in the metropolis of Chengdu, China: A new assessment approach. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16030493"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e016418","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016418","article-title":"Patient preference and choice of healthcare providers in Shanghai, China: A cross-sectional study","volume":"7","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, T., Luo, W., Tian, L., and Li, J. (2024). Integrating Spatial and Non-Spatial Dimensions to Evaluate Access to Rural Primary Healthcare Service: A Case Study of Songzi, China. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13050142"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., Zhao, Y., Lyu, H., Chen, S., Tu, Y., and Huang, S. (2023). Spatial Accessibility and Equity Evaluation of Medical Facilities Based on Improved 2SFCA: A Case Study in Xi\u2019an, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032076"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2012.04.002","article-title":"Variable catchment sizes for the two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method","volume":"18","author":"Luo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"63","article-title":"Three Scales and Planning Trends of 15-Minute Life Circle","volume":"37","author":"Qian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urban Plan. Int."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2023.127893","article-title":"Establishing a \u201cdynamic two-step floating catchment area method\u201d to assess the accessibility of urban green space in Shenyang based on dynamic population data and multiple modes of transportation","volume":"82","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e737","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00192-8","article-title":"Skilled doctors in tertiary hospitals are already overworked in China","volume":"3","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Weinert, J.X., Ma, C., and Yang, X. (2006). The Transition to Electric Bikes in China and Its Effect on Travel Behavior, Transit Use, and Safety, UC Davis: Institute of Transportation Studies."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2023.103856","article-title":"Nonlinear, threshold and synergistic effects of first\/last-mile facilities on metro ridership","volume":"121","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.18306\/dlkxjz.2022.04.008","article-title":"Spatial accessibility and equality of public medical facilities in rural areas based on the improved 3SFCA: A case of Haikou City","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2022.105769","article-title":"Injuries and risk factors associated with bicycle and electric bike use in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"152","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/26.1.15","article-title":"Comfortable and maximum walking speed of adults aged 20\u201379 years: Reference values and determinants","volume":"26","author":"Bohannon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2019.05.003","article-title":"Assessing spatial disparities of accessibility to community-based service resources for Chinese older adults based on travel behavior: A city-wide study of Nanjing, China","volume":"88","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2022.03.014","article-title":"Examining equity in accessibility to multi-tier healthcare services across different income households using estimated travel time","volume":"121","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2022.103369","article-title":"A hierarchical two-step floating catchment area analysis for high-tier hospital accessibility in an urban agglomeration region","volume":"102","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bauer, J., and Groneberg, D.A. (2016). Measuring spatial accessibility of health care providers\u2013introduction of a variable distance decay function within the floating catchment area (FCA) method. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159148"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"100550","article-title":"Modeling multimodal access to primary care in an urban environment","volume":"13","author":"Locascio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anselin, L. (2024). An Introduction to Spatial Data Science with GeoDaVolume 1: Exploring Spatial Data, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003274919-1"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x","article-title":"Local indicators of spatial association\u2014LISA","volume":"27","author":"Anselin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/00330124.2017.1365308","article-title":"Inverted Two-Step Floating Catchment Area Method for Measuring Facility Crowdedness","volume":"70","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prof. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Leitner, M., and Paulus, G. (2023). Multiscale Analysis of Spatial Accessibility to Acute Hospitals in Carinthia, Austria. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 12.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2972249\/v1"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, M., Tao, L., Lian, Y., and Huang, W. (2021). Measuring Spatial Accessibility of Urban Medical Facilities: A Case Study in Changning District of Shanghai in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189598"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, X., Zhang, L., Tao, S., and Xie, B. (2019). Spatial Accessibility to Healthcare Services in Metropolitan Suburbs: The Case of Qingpu, Shanghai. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16020225"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2016.01.001","article-title":"Developing a composite index of spatial accessibility across different health care sectors: A German example","volume":"120","author":"Siegel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04023041","DOI":"10.1061\/JUPDDM.UPENG-4239","article-title":"Equity Evaluation of Multilevel Medical Facility Allocation Based on Ga2SFCA","volume":"149","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Urban Plan. Dev."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114727","article-title":"Supply-demand adjusted two-steps floating catchment area (SDA-2SFCA) model for measuring spatial access to health care","volume":"296","author":"Shao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/13\/11\/403\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:28:24Z","timestamp":1760113704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/13\/11\/403"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi13110403"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi13110403","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]}}}