{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T08:12:42Z","timestamp":1780647162125,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University Research Scholarship Program of the Ministry for Culture","award":["EK\u00d6P-24-4-II-DE-89"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EK\u00d6P-24-4-II-DE-89"]}]},{"name":"National Research, Development, and Innovation Fund","award":["EK\u00d6P-24-4-II-DE-89"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EK\u00d6P-24-4-II-DE-89"]}]},{"name":"University of Debrecen Scientific Research Bridging Fund (DETKA)","award":["EK\u00d6P-24-4-II-DE-89"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EK\u00d6P-24-4-II-DE-89"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The severe contamination of groundwater supplies in rural areas is a global problem that requires strict environmental measures. Related to this, one of the most important challenges at present is the elimination of local sources of pollution. Therefore, this research examined the local water quality changes following the construction of the sewerage network, under the framework of long-term monitoring (2011\u20132022) in B\u00e1r\u00e1nd, Hungary, using water quality indices and GIS (Geographic Information System) techniques. In order to understand the purification processes and spatial and temporal changes, three periods were determined: the pre-sewerage period (2011\u20132014), the transitional period (2015\u20132018), and the post-sewerage period (2019\u20132022). Forty monitoring wells were included in the study, ensuring complete coverage of the municipality. The results revealed a high level of pollution in the area in the pre-sewerage period. Based on the calculated indices, an average of 80% of the wells were ranked in categories 4\u20135, indicating poor water quality, while less than 8% were classified in categories 1\u20132, indicating good water quality. No significant purification process was detected in the transitional period. However, marked changes were observed in the post-sewerage period as a result of the elimination of local sources of pollution. In the post-sewerage period, the number of monitoring wells ranked as excellent and good increased significantly. Additionally, the number of wells assigned to category 5 decreased markedly, compared to the reference period. The significant difference between the three periods was confirmed by the Wilcoxon test as well (p &lt; 0.05). Based on interpolated maps, it was found that, in the post-sewerage period, an increasing section of the settlement had good or excellent water quality. In addition to an assessment of long-term tendencies, the annual fluctuations in the water quality of the wells were also examined. This showed that the purification processes do not occur in a linear pattern but are influenced by various factors (e.g., precipitation). Our results highlight the importance of protecting and improving groundwater resources in municipal areas and the relevance of long-term monitoring of water adequate management policy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13110408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T09:36:51Z","timestamp":1731404211000},"page":"408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Water Quality: Long-Term Assessment Using Water Quality Indices and GIS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8051-1518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e1niel","family":"Balla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Informatics, Department of Data Science and Visualization, University of Debrecen, H-4028 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4976-1241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Em\u0151ke","family":"Kiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Landscape Protection and Environmental Geography, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1943-6053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianna","family":"Zichar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Informatics, Department of Data Science and Visualization, University of Debrecen, H-4028 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7484-7560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tam\u00e1s","family":"Mester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Landscape Protection and Environmental Geography, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ker\u00e9nyi, A., and McIntosh, R.W. 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