{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T01:27:47Z","timestamp":1792027667759,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52108053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52108053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20ZZC001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20ZZC001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018562","name":"Social Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52108053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52108053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018562","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018562","name":"Social Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20ZZC001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20ZZC001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018562","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the continued recognition of the devastating effects of natural hazards, the construction of shelters has become essential in urban disaster preparedness planning systems. After analyzing the deficiency of the conventional spatial allocation model of shelters and the hierarchy of evacuation assignments, this study proposes a bi-level and two-phase spatial configuration methodology of shelters. The first hierarchy aims to evacuate refugees from demand blocks to both emergency shelters and resident emergency congregate shelters. The second hierarchy aims to transfer refugees from selected shelters in the first hierarchy to resident emergency congregate shelters. Each hierarchy contains two phases of optimizing calculations. The optimization objects for the first phase and second phase are minimizing the number of new shelters and the evacuation time, respectively. A genetic algorithm and exhaustive approach are programmed to determine the solution of the model in the first and second phases, respectively. The evacuation assignment rule is proposed based on the gravity model, which distributes evacuees proportionally to nearby shelters. This study uses the deterministic user equilibrium problem to present the evacuation traffic flow allocation, which improves the scientificity of the location model of shelters. The refuge demands differentiate the population between daytime and nighttime through mobile signaling data and improve the accuracy from the plot scale to the building scale. Using mobile signaling data to differentiate refuge demands between day and night populations enhances the model\u2019s precision. Finally, to validate the proposed methodology, this study selected the main area of Changshu City, Jiangsu Province, China, which has a population of 1.6 million, as a case study area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13120455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T10:08:53Z","timestamp":1734343733000},"page":"455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Two-Phase and Bi-Level Spatial Configuration Methodology of Shelters Based on a Circular Assignment Model and Evacuation Traffic Flow Allocation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yujia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangchun","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guofang","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4064-0427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Planning, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1057\/jors.1978.261","article-title":"Probabilistic Formulation of the Emergency Service Location Problem","volume":"29","author":"Aly","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Oper. Res. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1435-5597.1974.tb00902.x","article-title":"The Maximal Covering Location Problem","volume":"32","author":"Church","year":"1974","journal-title":"Pap. Reg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-016-2298-9","article-title":"The Study of Integrating Geographic Information with Multi-Objective Decision Making on Allocating the Appropriate Refuge Shelters: Using Kengting National Park as an Example","volume":"82","author":"Tsai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.12.3.450","article-title":"Optimum Locations of Switching Centers and the Absolute Centers and Medians of a Graph","volume":"12","author":"Hakimi","year":"1964","journal-title":"Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"8395714","article-title":"Multiobjective Optimization on Hierarchical Refugee Evacuation and Resource Allocation for Disaster Management","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s13675-015-0058-3","article-title":"A Multi-Period Shelter Location-Allocation Model with Evacuation Orders for Flood Disasters","volume":"4","author":"Gama","year":"2015","journal-title":"EURO J. Comput. Optim."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2011.643802","article-title":"A Modified Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Optimal Allocation of Earthquake Emergency Shelters","volume":"26","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajsl.2021.01.003","article-title":"A Multi-Objective Optimization Model for Shelter Location-Allocation in Response to Humanitarian Relief Logistics","volume":"37","author":"Praneetpholkrang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian J. Shipp. Logist."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-2615(91)90037-J","article-title":"A Location-Allocation Model and Algorithm for Evacuation Planning under Hurricane\/Flood Conditions","volume":"25","author":"Sherali","year":"1991","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2015.02.082","article-title":"Analysis of Dynamic Road Risk for Pedestrian Evacuation","volume":"430","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. A Stat. Mech. Its Appl."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00291-008-0126-7","article-title":"Multi-Criteria Location Planning for Public Facilities in Tsunami-Prone Coastal Areas","volume":"31","author":"Doerner","year":"2009","journal-title":"OR Spectr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-013-5379-x","article-title":"A Multi-Objective Relief Chain Location Distribution Model for Urban Disaster Management","volume":"70","author":"Barzinpour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.2009.00745.x","article-title":"A Multiobjective Approach to Locate Emergency Shelters and Identify Evacuation Routes in Urban Areas","volume":"41","author":"Santos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Li, H., Sun, Y., Huang, R., Hu, Q., Wang, J., and Gao, F. (2017). Planning Emergency Shelters for Urban Disaster Resilience: An Integrated Location-Allocation Modeling Approach. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9112098"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2016.10.009","article-title":"Multi-Criteria Location Model of Earthquake Evacuation Shelters to Aid in Urban Planning","volume":"20","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"59","article-title":"Optimized Location Model of Resident Emergency Congregate Shelter based on Multi-Objective Constraints","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban Dev. Stud."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"4237","article-title":"Shelter Location-Allocation Model for Flood Evacuation Planning","volume":"6","author":"Kongsomsaksakul","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. East. Asia Soc. Transp. Stud."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2017.01.007","article-title":"Hierarchical Earthquake Shelter Planning in Urban Areas: A Case for Shanghai in China","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2005.03.077","article-title":"A Dynamic Logistics Coordination Model for Evacuation and Support in Disaster Response Activities","volume":"179","author":"Yi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2017.11.018","article-title":"A Cost Optimization Model and Solutions for Shelter Allocation and Relief Distribution in Flood Scenario","volume":"13","author":"Mollah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000253","article-title":"Integrated Framework for Emergency Shelter Planning Based on Multihazard Risk Evaluation and Its Application: Case Study in China","volume":"18","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.3390\/su11020399","article-title":"Site Selection Models in Natural Disaster Shelters: A Review","volume":"11","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8667.2010.00669.x","article-title":"A Hybrid Bilevel Model for the Optimal Shelter Assignment in Emergency Evacuations","volume":"25","author":"Ng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024779724065","article-title":"A Human Damage Prediction Method for Tsunami Disasters Incorporating Evacuation Activities","volume":"29","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-012-0461-5","article-title":"Emergency Shelter Capacity Estimation by Earthquake Damage Analysis","volume":"65","author":"Chou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2013.763944","article-title":"The Temporal Hierarchy of Shelters: A Hierarchical Location Model for Earthquake-Shelter Planning","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2011.12.004","article-title":"Shelter Location and Transportation Planning under Hurricane Conditions","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2010.10.006","article-title":"A Hierarchical Approach to Modeling Hurricane Disaster Relief Goods Distribution","volume":"19","author":"Widener","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2006.12.027","article-title":"A Hierarchical Location Model for Public Facility Planning","volume":"185","author":"Teixeira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2005.09.005","article-title":"A Review of Hierarchical Facility Location Models","volume":"34","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2005.03.020","article-title":"Locational Analysis for Regionalization of Turkish Red Crescent blood services","volume":"34","author":"Meral","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2019.1570977","article-title":"Emergency Shelters Location-Allocation Problem Concerning Uncertainty and Limited Resources: A Multi-Objective Optimization with a Case Study in the Central Area of Beijing, China","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"13","article-title":"Study on Hierarchical Location of Urban Emergency Shelters (II): Three-Hierarchical Location Models","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nat. Disasters"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1080\/17477891.2020.1840327","article-title":"A Hierarchical Flood Shelter Location Model for Walking Evacuation Planning","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, X.J., Chen, J.G., Xu, W., Lou, S.Y., Du, P., and Yuan, H.Y. (2018). A Three-Stage Hierarchical Model for an Earthquake Shelter Location-Allocation Problem: Case Study of Chaoyang District, Beijing, China. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11174561"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2019.1609605","article-title":"Hierarchical mathematical model of the earthquake shelter location-allocation problem solved using an interleaved MPSO-GA","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2018.01.014","article-title":"A Practical Approach to Constructing Hierarchical Networks for Urban Hazard Mitigation Planning Using GIS: The case of Futian, Shenzhen","volume":"28","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"125","article-title":"Review and prospect of dynamic traffic assignment research","volume":"21","author":"Long","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transp. Syst. Eng. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Sheffi, Y. (1985). Urban Transportation Networks, Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2015). Code for Design of Disasters Mitigation Emergency Congregate Shelter. Standard No. GB 51143-2015."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, C. (2016). The Integrated Framework for Emergency Shelter Planning for Multi-Hazard Risks. [Ph.D. Thesis, Nanjing University].","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000253"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2007). Standard for Urban Planning on Earthquake Resistance and Hazardous Prevention. Standard No. GB 50413-2007."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2016). Code for Design of Urban Road Engineering. Standard No. CJJ 37-2012. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2018). Standard for Urban Comprehensive Transport System Planning. Standard No. GB\/T 51328-2018. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s41315-019-00082-7","article-title":"Real-Time Path Planning for a Robot to Track a Fast Moving Target Based on Improved Glasius Bio-Inspired Neural Networks","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Robot. Appl."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"325","article-title":"Road paper. some theoretical aspects of road traffic research","volume":"1","author":"Wardrop","year":"1952","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Beckmann, M., McGuire, C.B., and Winsten, C.B. (1956). Studies in the Economics of Transportation, Yale University Press."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Bureau of Public Roads (1964). Traffic Assignment Manual."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"107","article-title":"Research Review on Multi-Objective Model with Constraint Condition of Shelter Location","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urban Probl."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2010). Code for Seismic Design of Buildings. Standard No. GB 50011-2010. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01386390","article-title":"A Note on Two Problems in Connection with Graphs","volume":"1","author":"Dijkstra","year":"1959","journal-title":"Numer. Math."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"33","article-title":"Research on Urban Spatial Structure Based on Baidu Heat Map: A Case Study on the Central City of Shanghai","volume":"40","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"City Plan. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"33","article-title":"Distribution and Composition of Actual Population in Urban Space from Daily Human Mobility View","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urban Plan. Forum"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2020.106521","article-title":"Simulation and optimization of pedestrian evacuation in high-density urban areas for effectiveness improvement","volume":"87","author":"Zuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"57","article-title":"Study on Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Residents\u2019 Nocturnal Activities of Xi\u2019an Based on Micro-Blog","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Changshu Municipal Bureau of Statistics (2021). Changshu Statistical Yearbook 2021, China Local Records Publishing."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi11040262","article-title":"Optimization of Shelter Location Based on a Combined Static\/Dynamic Two-Stage Optimization Methodology: A Case Study in the Central Urban Area of Xinyi City, China","volume":"11","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"193","article-title":"Simulation Method for Earthquake Damage of Urban Group Structures","volume":"2","author":"Gao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Technol. Earthq. Disaster Prev."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"9","article-title":"A Method for Prediction and Classification of Earthquake Disasters","volume":"7","author":"Yin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Earthq. Res. China"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2011.01670.x","article-title":"Risk Assessment of Major Hazards and Its Application in Urban Planning: A Case Study","volume":"32","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Risk Anal."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/13\/12\/455\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:53:12Z","timestamp":1760115192000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/13\/12\/455"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi13120455"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi13120455","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]}}}