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Modeling the navigation environment is a key step in building successful navigation services. While traditional navigation systems have relied solely on 2D data, advancements in 3D sensing technology have made more 3D data available, enabling more realistic environmental modeling. This paper primarily focuses on voxel-based navigation and reviews the existing literature that covers various aspects of using voxel data or models to support navigation. The paper first discusses key technologies related to voxel-based navigation, including voxel-based modeling, voxel segmentation, voxel-based analysis, and voxel storage and management. It then distinguishes and discusses indoor and outdoor navigation based on the application scenarios. Additionally, various issues related to voxel-based navigation are addressed. Finally, the paper presents several potential research opportunities that may be useful for researchers or companies in developing more advanced navigation systems for pedestrians, robots, and vehicles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13120461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T06:50:44Z","timestamp":1734591044000},"page":"461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Voxel-Based Navigation: A Systematic Review of Techniques, Applications, and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Niu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 720072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaoyu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yueying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3487-9792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingwei","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117568, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziqi","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, B., Guo, C., Jensen, C.S., Kaul, M., and Shang, S. 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