{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T20:35:23Z","timestamp":1778618123452,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["RSP2024R432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2024R432"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urbanized riverine cities in southern Asian developing countries face significant challenges in understanding the spatiotemporal thermal impacts of land use\/land cover (LULC) changes driven by rapid urbanization and climatic variability. While previous studies have investigated factors influencing land surface temperature (LST) variations, gaps persist in integrating Landsat imagery (7 and 8), meteorological data, and Geographic Information System (GIS) tools to evaluate the thermal effects of specific LULC types, including cooling and warming transitions, and their influence on air temperature under variable precipitation patterns. This study investigates LST variations in Islamabad, Pakistan, from 2000 to 2020 using quantile classification at three intervals (2000, 2010, 2020). The thermal contributions of each LULC type across the LST-based temperature classes were analyzed using the Land Contribution Index (LCI). Finally, Warming and Cooling Transition (WCT) maps were generated by intersecting LST classes with 2000 as the baseline. Results indicated a rise in LST from 32.39 \u00b0C in 2000 to 45.63 \u00b0C in 2020. The negative LCI values revealed that vegetation and water bodies in lower temperature zones (Ltc_1 to Ltc_3) contributed to cooling effects, while positive LCI values in built-up and bare land areas in higher temperature zones (Ltc_5\u2013Ltc_7) exhibited warming effects. The WCT map showed a general warming trend (cold-to-hot type) from 2000 to 2020, particularly in newly urbanized areas due to a 49.63% population increase, while cooling effects (hot-to-cold type) emerged in the newly developed agricultural lands with a 46.46% rise in vegetation. The mean annual air temperature gap with LST narrowed from 11.55 \u00b0C in 2000 to 2.28 \u00b0C in 2020, reflecting increased precipitation due to increasing yearly rainfall from 982.88 mm in 2000 to 1365.47 mm in 2020. This change also coincided with an expansion of water bodies from 2.82 km2 in 2000 to 6.35 km2 in 2020, impacting the local climate and hydrology. These findings highlight the importance of green spaces and water management to mitigate urban heat and improve ecological health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi14010013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T12:37:19Z","timestamp":1735648639000},"page":"13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Revealing Land-Use Dynamics on Thermal Environment of Riverine Cities Under Climate Variability Using Remote Sensing and Geospatial Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5805-615X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazia","family":"Iftakhar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Sciences and Environmental Design, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamaba P.O. Box 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fakhrul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Izhar Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University, Islamabad P.O. Box 45550, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4468-8105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Nasar","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui, Hefei 230036, China"},{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 43007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9339-666X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinwook","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5370-5344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazir","family":"Ur Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak P.O. Box 27200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saleh","family":"Qaysi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology & Geophysics, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7802-5070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nassir","family":"Alarifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology & Geophysics, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5939-732X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youssef M.","family":"Youssef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological and Geophysical Engineering Department, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, Suez 43518, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-017-0910-x","article-title":"Impacts of Park Landscape Structure on Thermal Environment Using QuickBird and Landsat Images","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. 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