{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T11:16:13Z","timestamp":1779102973520,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RSP2025R432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2025R432"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Riverine coastal megacities, particularly in semi-arid South Asian regions, face escalating environmental challenges due to rapid urbanization and climate change. While previous studies have examined urban growth patterns or environmental impacts independently, there remains a critical gap in understanding the integrated impacts of land use\/land cover (LULC) changes on both ecosystem vulnerability and sustainable development achievements. This study addresses this gap through an innovative integration of multitemporal Landsat imagery (5, 7, and 8), SRTM-DEM, historical land use maps, and population data using the MOLUSCE plugin with cellular automata\u2013artificial neural networks (CA-ANN) modelling to monitor LULC changes over three decades (1990\u20132020) and project future changes for 2025, 2030, and 2035, supporting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Karachi, southern Pakistan, one of the world\u2019s most populous megacities. The framework integrates LULC analysis with SDG metrics, achieving an overall accuracy greater than 97%, with user and producer accuracies above 77% and a Kappa coefficient approaching 1, demonstrating a high level of agreement. Results revealed significant urban expansion from 13.4% to 23.7% of the total area between 1990 and 2020, with concurrent reductions in vegetation cover, water bodies, and wetlands. Erosion along the riverbank has caused the Malir River\u2019s area to decrease from 17.19 to 5.07 km2 by 2020, highlighting a key factor contributing to urban flooding during the monsoon season. Flood risk projections indicate that urbanized areas will be most affected, with 66.65% potentially inundated by 2035. This study\u2019s innovative contribution lies in quantifying SDG achievements, showing varied progress: 26% for SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure), 18% for SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), 13% for SDG 13 (Climate Action), and 16% for SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth). However, declining vegetation cover and water bodies pose challenges for SDG 15 (Life on Land) and SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), with 16% and 11%, respectively. This integrated approach provides valuable insights for urban planners, offering a novel framework for adaptive urban planning strategies and advancing sustainable practices in similar stressed megacity regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi14010030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T07:35:47Z","timestamp":1736840147000},"page":"30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Synergy of Remote Sensing and Geospatial Technologies to Advance Sustainable Development Goals for Future Coastal Urbanization and Environmental Challenges in a Riverine Megacity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0321-7355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minza","family":"Mumtaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Ziauddin University, Karachi 74700, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2093-7552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Humayoun","family":"Jahanzaib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, University Road, Karachi 75270, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8596-6407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waqar","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, University Road, Karachi 75270, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9377-6382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadia","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, University Road, Karachi 75270, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5939-732X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youssef M.","family":"Youssef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological and Geophysical Engineering Department, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, Suez 43518, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saleh","family":"Qaysi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology & Geophysics, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2049-0998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdalla","family":"Abdelnabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Adams Building, 3450 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0E8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7802-5070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nassir","family":"Alarifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology & Geophysics, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6812-630X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud E.","family":"Abd-Elmaboud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Irrigation & Hydraulics Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Blackburn, S., and Pelling, M. (2013). Megacities and the Coast: Risk, Resilience, and Transformation, Earthscan from Routledge."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2018.01.001","article-title":"Megacities and rivers: Scalar mismatches between urban water management and river basin management","volume":"573","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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