{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T22:14:49Z","timestamp":1780611289433,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42271469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271469"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42471492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42471492"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022Z081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022Z081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007928","name":"Ningbo Science and Technology Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42271469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271469"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007928","name":"Ningbo Science and Technology Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42471492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42471492"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007928","name":"Ningbo Science and Technology Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022Z081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022Z081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rapid urban expansion and chaotic urban land-use patterns cause many socio-economic and environmental issues, e.g., traffic congestion and urban heat islands; thus, scientific planning considering land-use trade-offs and layout optimization is highly required for resolving these issues, especially in the urban renewal stage. However, previous spatial optimization methods were weak in processing land-use patches and ignored their neighborhood dependency, leading to fragmented and inapplicable optimization results. Accordingly, this study proposes a patch-level and neighborhood-dependency spatial optimization method (PNO) to adjust urban land-use patterns considering multiple optimization targets (i.e., improving population and economy but controlling land surface temperature). The PNO represents land-use patterns in a graph structure, quantifies land-use patterns\u2019 impacts on the population, economy, and land surface temperature, defines the spatiotemporal constraints of land-use optimization considering neighborhood-dependency and optimization sequences, and finally optimizes land uses and their spatial layouts based on a multi-objective genetic algorithm. Experiments were conducted in the urban area of Beijing, and the results suggested that, after optimization, the population and GDP can be improved by 667,323 people (4.72%) and USD 10.69 billion in products (2.75%) in the study area; meanwhile, the land surface temperature can be reduced by 0.12 \u00b0C (\u22120.32%). Through comparison, the proposed PNO outperforms previous spatial optimization methods, e.g., NSGA-II, in processing land-use patches as well as their neighborhoods. Taking the land-use map in 2022 as a reference, the PNO optimization results are more consistent with actual land-use changes (consistency of 25%), compared to the existing spatial optimization results (consistency of 10.6%). Thus, PNO is more applicable to land-use planning in urban renewal circumstances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi14010033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T04:55:19Z","timestamp":1737003319000},"page":"33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Patch-Level and Neighborhood-Dependency Spatial Optimization Method (PNO): Application to Urban Land-Use Planning to Facilitate Both Socio-Economic and Environmental Development in Beijing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yuhan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geoscience, 68 Jincheng Street, Wuhan 430078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7177-1820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geoscience, 68 Jincheng Street, Wuhan 430078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geoscience, 68 Jincheng Street, Wuhan 430078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shihong","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102575","article-title":"Land use optimization modelling with ecological priority perspective for large-scale spatial planning","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. 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