{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T19:16:52Z","timestamp":1782328612493,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program","award":["2019QZKK0608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0608"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program","award":["2023XJGLX111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023XJGLX111"]}]},{"name":"Henan Agricultural University Teaching Reform Project 2023","award":["2019QZKK0608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0608"]}]},{"name":"Henan Agricultural University Teaching Reform Project 2023","award":["2023XJGLX111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023XJGLX111"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The equitable distribution of basic educational services is crucial for attaining educational fairness and promoting balanced demographic and economic growth. This research leverages point-of-interest (POI) data to analyze the spatial arrangement of basic educational service facilities in the Yellow River Basin of China. Employing kernel density analysis and spatial autocorrelation with a geographic information system tool, this study examines the spatial distribution of these facilities. It also applies geographically weighted regression to identify the primary factors influencing their spatial layout. This study reveals a pronounced disparity between the four downstream and five upstream provinces of the Yellow River Basin in terms of basic educational facility availability. In the downstream provinces, facilities constitute 82.45% of the total, markedly surpassing the level of 17.55% in the upstream provinces. The kernel density analysis shows that areas with a high concentration of educational facilities often align with provincial capitals, including Taiyuan in Shanxi Province, Xi\u2019an in Shaanxi Province, Zhengzhou in Henan Province, and regions around Shandong Province. Significant regional differences exist within the Yellow River Basin. Preprimary, primary, and secondary education facilities exhibit strong spatial clustering, with Moran\u2019s I indices of 0.26, 0.19, and 0.09, respectively. High\u2013high clusters of preprimary education are predominantly found in the western region of the basin, whereas low\u2013low clusters appear in some eastern and northern areas. Primary and secondary educational facilities show high\u2013high clustering in the north. The spatial distribution of these educational facilities is chiefly influenced by the permanent population and the proportion of the tertiary industry. Per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and educational fiscal expenditure play secondary roles in influencing the spatial layout. The results have important practical significance for promoting the equalization of basic education public services and equal educational opportunities for the school-age population in the Yellow River Basin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi14020066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T10:07:56Z","timestamp":1738922876000},"page":"66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exploring the Equality and Determinants of Basic Educational Public Services from a Spatial Variation Perspective Using POI Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6144-0657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hejie","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenfeng","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengxue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.7.1.133","article-title":"Human Development in Poor Countries: On the Role of Private Incomes and Public Services","volume":"7","author":"Anand","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Econ. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804036","DOI":"10.1080\/23322039.2020.1804036","article-title":"Decentralization for improving the provision of public services in developing countries: A critical review","volume":"8","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cogent Econ. Financ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, T., Zhao, Y., and Kong, X. (2022). Spatio-Temporal Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Basic Public Service Levels in the Yangtze River Delta Region, China. Land, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/land11091477"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1177\/0160017616665671","article-title":"Measuring spatiotemporal changes of rural basic public service in poverty-stricken area of China","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Reg. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-017-0865-y","article-title":"Residents\u2019 satisfaction with public services in mountainous areas: An empirical study of southwestern Sichuan province, China","volume":"27","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, W., Zhang, Q., Yan, C., Fu, W., and Xu, L. (2017). Residents\u2019 satisfaction with primary medical and health services in Western China. BMC Health Serv. Res., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2200-9"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9302.2005.00502.x","article-title":"Introducing choice in the public services: Some supply side issues","volume":"26","author":"Ferlie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Publ. Money Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, X., Zhao, C., Han, J., Zhang, Q., Liu, J., and Chi, Y. (2020). Measurement and Influencing Factors Research of the Energy and Power Efficiency in China: Based on the Supply-Side Structural Reform Perspective. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12093879"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"24","article-title":"The Equalization Gap of Basic Public Services Supply in China: An Empirical Study on Education, Health Care and Social Security","volume":"7","author":"Zeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"China Financ. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.2307\/1925895","article-title":"The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure","volume":"36","author":"Samuelson","year":"1954","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stat."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-020-02405-9","article-title":"Public services equalization in urbanizing China: Indicators, spatiotemporal dynamics and implications on regional economic disparities","volume":"152","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Yan, Z., Hu, S., and Pu, C. (2022). The Spatial Distribution and Optimization of Medical and Health Land from the Perspective of Public Service Equalization: A Case Study of Urumqi City. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14137565"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Xu, S., Wan, D., Liu, H., Zhao, L., Guo, L., and Ren, J. (2023). Equalization Measurement and Optimization of the Public Cultural Facilities Distribution in Tianjin Central Area. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15064856"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lan, F., Wu, Q., Zhou, T., and Da, H. (2018). Spatial Effects of Public Service Facilities Accessibility on Housing Prices: A Case Study of Xi\u2019an, China. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10124503"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-013-2939-3","article-title":"Spatial spillover and the factors influencing public service supply in Sichuan province, China","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"285","article-title":"Spatial pattern and influencing factors of the equalization of basic education public service in China","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.39.2.93","article-title":"Education and thinking: The role of knowledge","volume":"39","author":"Glaser","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1162\/ADEV_a_00042","article-title":"Education inequality between rural and urban areas of the People\u2019s Republic of China, migrants\u2019 children education, and some implications","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Dev. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Zhang, X., and Kanbur, R. (2009). Spatial Inequality in Education and Health Care in China. Regional Inequality in China, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijedudev.2010.08.002","article-title":"Social exclusion and inequality in higher education in China: A capability perspective","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"84","article-title":"Spatial distribution pattern of basic education facilities at county level in Tibet Autonomous Region","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Arid Land Resour. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"245","article-title":"Diversity and convergence: A quantitative analysis of European public administration education programs","volume":"9","author":"Hajnal","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. PAfE"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Q., Cui, X., and Ma, L. (2023). The Equity of Basic Educational Facilities from the Perspective of Space. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su151512031"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"44","article-title":"Changes in China\u2019s inter-provincial equalization of basic education service","volume":"34","author":"Wen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Financ. Trade Econ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni, Q., Wu, X., and Cui, P. (2022). Research on the Equity of Educational Facilities in Counties of the Loess Plateau Gully Area: Chengcheng County, Shaanxi Province as an Example. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su142013106"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3102\/0091732X20907362","article-title":"Geospatial Analysis: A New Window into Educational Equity, Access, and Opportunity","volume":"44","author":"Cobb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Res. Educ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6265751","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6265751","article-title":"Geospatial Analysis and Research on Social and Spatial Inequality of Compulsory Education: A Case Study of Hangzhou, China","volume":"2021","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"12","article-title":"Access to urban services\u2014The case of secondary schools in Glasgow","volume":"105","author":"Pacione","year":"1989","journal-title":"Scott. Geogr. Mag."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-0121(99)00025-7","article-title":"Multicriteria spatial allocation of educational resources: An overview","volume":"34","author":"Malczewski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Socio-Econ. Plan. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1470","article-title":"Characteristics of spatial distribution of basic education resources in Xi\u2019an City on street scale","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arid Land Geogr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0033-0124.1963.007_e.x","article-title":"Hinterland delimitation: A distance minimizing approach","volume":"15","author":"Yeates","year":"1963","journal-title":"Prof. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"5","article-title":"What Do We Believe About Grades to be Included, Desirable Size, Appropriate Locations, and the Facilities for Junior High Schools?","volume":"46","author":"Maybee","year":"1962","journal-title":"NASSP Bull."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"39","article-title":"Spatio-temporal pattern and influencing factors of the allocation of rural basic education resources in China","volume":"38","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Econ. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2021.103199","article-title":"Qualifying accessibility to education to investigate spatial equity","volume":"96","author":"Pizzol","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, W., Li, Y., Zhao, R., He, B., and Qian, Z. (2022). Spatial Pattern and Fairness Measurement of Educational Resources in Primary and Middle Schools: A Case Study of Chengdu\u2013Chongqing Economic Circle. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191710840"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, T., Fang, X., Zhu, J., Peng, Q., Zhao, W., and Fu, X. (2024). Horizontal and Vertical Spatial Equity Analysis Based on Accessibility to Living Service Amenities: A Case Study of Xi\u2019an, China. Land, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/land13081113"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, L., Chen, J., Tian, Y., and Luo, J. (2022). Spatial Pattern and Influencing Factors of Basic Education Resources in Rural Areas around Metropolises\u2014A Case Study of Wuhan City\u2019s New Urban Districts. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi11110576"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, B., Zhang, H., Wong, C.U.I., Chen, X., Li, F., Wei, X., and Shen, J. (2024). Research on the Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Educational Facilities Based on POI Data: A Case Study of the Guangdong\u2013Hong Kong\u2013Macao Greater Bay Area. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13070225"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"20","article-title":"Research on some influencing factors of China\u2019s educational equalization","volume":"5","author":"Lv","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Quant. Tech. Econ."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"88","article-title":"Spatial pattern of basic education resources in Wuhan based on spatial coupling algorithm","volume":"39","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Econ. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"83","article-title":"Preliminary study of basic education facilities configuration in rural area under the perspective of fairness and beneficial result: A case study of Jingyang, Shaanxi","volume":"31","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mod. Urban Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Luan, W., Tian, C., Su, M., and Li, Z. (2021). Spatial Distribution Equilibrium and Relationship between Construction Land Expansion and Basic Education Schools in Shanghai Based on POI Data. Land, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/land10101059"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, J., Wang, Z., Yong, Z., He, J., Yang, Y., and Zhang, Y. (2024). Spatial Distribution and Accessibility Analysis of Primary School Facilities in Mega Cities: A Case Study of Chengdu. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16020723"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C., Feng, Y., Wei, Y., Sun, D., Li, X., and Zhong, F. (2024). Assessing Regional Public Service Facility Accessibility Using Multisource Geospatial Data: A Case Study of Underdeveloped Areas in China. Remote Sens., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16020409"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Zhou, Z., Chen, J., Cheng, W., and Chen, J. (2021). Analysis of Location Selection of Public Service Facilities Based on Urban Land Accessibility. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020516"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2011.07.043","article-title":"Spatial index of educational opportunities: Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte","volume":"21","author":"Lange","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Song, W., and Liu, C. (2018). Social-Spatial Accessibility to Urban Educational Resources under the School District System: A Case Study of Public Primary Schools in Nanjing, China. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10072305"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"92","article-title":"New urbanization in rural basic education resources optimization configuration: Based on an empirical analysis of the basic education in Hebei Province","volume":"43","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Taiyuan Urban Voc. Coll."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Ning, Z. (2016). Study on Allocation of Resources of Rural Basic Education Under the Fairview: Taking Shandong Province as an Example, Liaoning University."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02680930903377415","article-title":"Choosing for quality or inequality: Current perspectives on the implementation of school choice policy in Sweden","volume":"25","author":"Bunar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Educ. Policy"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10780-009-9099-y","article-title":"Legislation and Equality in Basic Education for All in China","volume":"40","author":"Law","year":"2009","journal-title":"Interchange"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1177\/001312457300500203","article-title":"Equal Educational Opportunity and the Distribution of Educational Expenditures","volume":"5","author":"Levin","year":"1973","journal-title":"Educ. Urban Soc."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"27","article-title":"Research on the influence of basic educational resources on housing price: A case study of Haidian district in Beijing","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Educ. Econ."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"259","article-title":"Basic education resources of the influence of the spatial layout of new urbanization","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hous. Real Est."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"34","article-title":"Basic education resource configuration space evolution of the population in Shanghai","volume":"32","author":"Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urban Probl."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Qian, F., and Yi, S. (2018, January 28\u201331). Research on Equalization of Public Services Based on Changes of Urban and Rural Population Structure. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Management Science and Engineering Management 11, Kanazawa, Japan."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glewwe, P.W., Hanushek, E.A., Humpage, S.D., and Ravina, R. (2011). School Resources and Educational Outcomes in Developing Countries: A Review of the Literature from 1990 to 2011, National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper No. 17554.","DOI":"10.3386\/w17554"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Y., Appiah, D., Zulu, B., and Adu-Poku, K.A. (2024). Integrating Rural Development, Education, and Management: Challenges and Strategies. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16156474"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, G., Xue, Y., and Ma, Y. (2019). Social Organization Participation, Government Governance and the Equalization of Basic Public Services: Evidence from China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16162996"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"51","article-title":"Overview of man-land relationship research based on POI Data: Theory, method and application","volume":"35","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geogr. Geo-Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"176","article-title":"Coupling relationship and interactive response between ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, S., Zhang, S., Hou, H., Zhang, Y., Xu, H., and Liang, J. (2022). Coupling Coordination Analysis of the Ecology and Economy in the Yellow River Basin under the Background of High-Quality Development. Land, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/land11081235"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Liu, Y., Liu, C., Guo, S., and Cui, J. (2023). Study on the Spatial and Temporal Evolution of High-Quality Development in Nine Provinces of the Yellow River Basin. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15086975"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.110283","article-title":"Coupled coordination spatiotemporal analyses inform sustainable development and environmental protection for the Yellow River Basin of China","volume":"151","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, A., Wang, S., Liang, S., Yang, R., Yang, M., and Yang, J. (2023). Research on Ecological Protection and High-Quality Development of the Lower Yellow River Based on System Dynamics. Water, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/w15173046"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, D., Han, J., Jia, H., Chang, X., Guo, J., and Huang, P. (2023). Regional Economic Growth and Environmental Protection in China: The Yellow River Basin Economic Zone as an Example. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su151410790"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, H., Wang, Z., Li, H., and Zhang, C. (2024). Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Pattern Evolution and Decoupling Relationships of Land Use Functions Based on Ecological Protection and High-Quality Development: A Case Study of the Yellow River Basin, China. Land, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/land13060862"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2024.111571","article-title":"Spatial Differentiation and Formation Mechanism of Ecological Sensitivity in Large River Basins: A Case Study of the Yellow River Basin, China","volume":"158","author":"Kong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, M., Li, Z., Gao, M., Zhu, W., Zhang, S., Ma, J., Ta, L., and Yang, G. (2024). Revealing the Eco-Environmental Quality of the Yellow River Basin: Trends and Drivers. Remote Sens., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16112018"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.111521","article-title":"Unfolding the spatial spillover effect of urbanization on composite ecosystem services: A case study in cities of Yellow River Basin","volume":"158","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, H., Xue, D., Huang, J., Liu, M., and Li, L. (2022). Identification of Coupling Relationship between Ecosystem Services and Urbanization for Supporting Ecological Management: A Case Study on Areas along the Yellow River of Henan Province. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14092277"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1080\/13547860.2021.1877240","article-title":"The effects of rural education on poverty in China: A spatial econometric perspective","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Asia Pac. Econ."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao, N., Yang, Y., Su, Y., and Cohrssen, C. (2023). Promoting Equity in Access to Quality Early Childhood Education in China. Children, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/children10101674"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, L., Huang, J., and Zhang, Y. (2019). Education Development in China: Education Return, Quality, and Equity. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11133750"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/78.2.421","article-title":"Kernel Density Estimation and Marginalization Consistency","volume":"78","author":"West","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Getis, A. (2010). Spatial autocorrelation. Handbook of Applied Spatial Analysis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03647-7_14"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"281","article-title":"Geographically Weighted Regression: A Method for Exploring Spatial Nonstationarity","volume":"28","author":"Brunsdon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. Encycl. Hum. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"1471","article-title":"The spatial pattern of Community Travel Low Carbon Index (CTLCI) and spatial heterogeneity of the relationship between CTLCI and influencing factors in Guangzhou","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villela, R., and Paredes, J.J. (2022). Empirical Analysis on Public Expenditure for Education, Human Capital and Economic Growth: Evidence from Honduras. Economies, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/economies10100241"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Efthalitsidou, K., Zafeiriou, E., Spinthiropoulos, K., Betsas, I., and Sariannidis, N. (2021). GDP and Public Expenditure in Education, Health, and Defense. Empirical Research for Greece. Mathematics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/math9182319"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeow, L.W., Low, R., Tan, Y.X., and Cheah, L. (2021). Point-of-Interest (POI) Data Validation Methods: An Urban Case Study. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10110735"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, H., Yang, Y., Han, Q., Li, L., Huang, J., Liu, M., and Chen, W. (2022). Evaluation and System Coupling of Beautiful Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau Construction Based on Point of Interest Data. Systems, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems10050149"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, X., Xu, G., Qi, J., and Bao, H. (2023). Identifying the Spatial Patterns and Influencing Factors of Leisure and Tourism in Xi\u2019an Based on Point of Interest (POI) Data. Land, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/land12091805"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Xia, Y., Li, Z., Li, X., Wu, Y., Liu, P., and Du, S. (2024). An Assessment of Urban Residential Environment Quality Based on Multi-Source Geospatial Data: A Case Study of Beijing, China. Land, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/land13060823"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, H., Wang, W., Wang, Z., Li, S., and Chen, J. (2024). Enhancing Seismic Landslide Susceptibility Analysis for Sustainable Disaster Risk Management through Machine Learning. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16093828"},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Comber, A., Brunsdon, C., Charlton, M., Dong, G., Harris, R., Lu, B., L\u00fc, Y., Murakami, D., Nakaya, T., and Wang, Y. (2020). The GWR route map: A guide to the informed application of Geographically Weighted Regression. arXiv."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/14\/2\/66\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:28:56Z","timestamp":1760027336000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/14\/2\/66"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi14020066"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi14020066","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]}}}