{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T22:02:48Z","timestamp":1770156168837,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42201490"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201490"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["WX23B39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WX23B39"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Projects from Wuhan Municipal Health Commission","award":["42201490"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201490"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Projects from Wuhan Municipal Health Commission","award":["WX23B39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WX23B39"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The equity of medical services is crucial for the quality of life of a population and the sustainable development of cities. Current research on optimizing the maximal equity of medical facilities has the following limitations: (1) In the accessibility calculation models for multiple transportation modes, the impact of factors such as public transport transfers and travel distance on the choice of transportation mode is often overlooked. (2) Existing spatial equity indicators are mostly derived from the overall study area, failing to fully consider the differences in population distribution and development gaps within different development zones inside the region. This study proposes a novel Incorporating Multiple Transportation Two-Step Floating Catchment Area (IMT-2SFCA) and a Hierarchical Theil-based Maximal Accessibility Equality model (HT-MAE) to optimize the equity of access to tuberculosis medical institutions in Wuhan. The findings reveal that, compared to single-mode transportation accessibility models, the multimodal accessibility model integrates the characteristics of four transportation modes, providing a more realistic reflection of residents\u2019 access to medical services. The optimization results show a significant improvement in the equity of access to medical services across Wuhan and among different economic development zones, although the equity indicators in non-central urban areas have declined. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis and practical insights for alleviating the inequality of access to medical services across different urban layers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi14020093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T09:36:22Z","timestamp":1739957782000},"page":"93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Optimizing the Equality of Healthcare Services in Wuhan, China, Using a New Multimodal Two-Step Floating Catchment Area Model in Conjunction with the Hierarchical Maximal Accessibility Equality Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5890-1388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengfei","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450052, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7490-6962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450052, China"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}]},{"given":"Zhengbin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Office, Wuhan Institute for Tuberculosis Control, Wuhan 430030, China"}]},{"given":"Danfei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450052, China"}]},{"given":"Wenya","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450052, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6411-0382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaru","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2014.12.006","article-title":"Accessibility, equity and health care: Review and research directions for transport geographers","volume":"43","author":"Neutens","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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