{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T03:57:51Z","timestamp":1773287871536,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2023YFF0805904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF0805904"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["E2Z10501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E2Z10501"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["E33D0201-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E33D0201-5"]}]},{"name":"Talent Introduction Program Youth Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2023YFF0805904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF0805904"]}]},{"name":"Talent Introduction Program Youth Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["E2Z10501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E2Z10501"]}]},{"name":"Talent Introduction Program Youth Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["E33D0201-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E33D0201-5"]}]},{"name":"innovation group project of the Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2023YFF0805904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF0805904"]}]},{"name":"innovation group project of the Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["E2Z10501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E2Z10501"]}]},{"name":"innovation group project of the Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["E33D0201-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E33D0201-5"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bus networks are a crucial support for urban commuting. By studying the evolutionary characteristics of bus networks, we can uncover their development patterns, coverage efficiency, and changes in regional balance, providing a scientific basis for sustainable urban development and the optimization of transportation resources. This study systematically analyzes the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the bus network in Beijing from 2006 to 2024 using specific spatial analysis tools to analyze spatiotemporal evolution characteristics. By analyzing spatial coverage rates of transit stations using road network and administrative division data, the study reveals the convenience of bus networks in different regions. By combining the research methodology of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) report, a 500-m service radius for bus stops was assessed. A complex network model was used to extract the nodes and edges of the bus network, and the betweenness centrality (BC) characteristics were analyzed. The findings indicate that Beijing\u2019s bus network has gradually expanded from the central urban areas to peripheral regions, with notable expansion in Tongzhou and Yanqing, resulting in an improved balance in the distribution of stations and routes and the emergence of Tongzhou as a new bus hub. The diffusion characteristics of the bus network are significantly influenced by administrative boundaries and the layout of the ring roads. Bus routes and stops are highly concentrated in the central urban areas and within the Second Ring Road, while as the number of ring roads increases, various network indices gradually decrease. The distribution of bus stops shows notable clustering and an uneven directional development. Beijing\u2019s bus stop distribution exhibits significant clustering characteristics, and the areas with a high Population Conveniently Served by Buses (PCSB) are predominantly concentrated in the central urban areas, with a large gap compared to the outer suburban districts. These conclusions expand on the exploration of isolated and static characteristics of the bus network structure, revealing the dynamic mechanisms and evolution patterns of Beijing\u2019s bus network. They provide guidance and recommendations for improving the bus network and offer more comprehensive support for urban planning and resource allocation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi14030112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T03:26:21Z","timestamp":1741058781000},"page":"112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Geospatial Analytics of Urban Bus Network Evolution Based on Multi-Source Spatiotemporal Data Fusion: A Case Study of Beijing, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7106-8526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technologies and Applications for National Geographic State Monitoring, 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Research Center of Technologies and Applications for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeran","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4632-1429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiayi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junyuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technologies and Applications for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3281-7904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6509-6908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dachuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technologies and Applications for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou 730070, 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