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Existing road network extraction methods are mainly divided into trajectory data-based and remote sensing image-based methods. Due to factors such as tree occlusion, methods based on remote sensing images struggle to extract complete road information in outdoor environments. The methods based on trajectory data mainly use vehicle trajectories to extract two-dimensional roads, lacking three-dimensional (3D) road information such as elevation and slope, which are important for navigation path planning in outdoor scenarios. Given this, this paper proposes a hierarchical map construction method for extracting the three-dimensional outdoor pedestrian road network based on crowdsourced trajectory data. This method models the pedestrian road network as a graph composed of pedestrian areas, intersections, and road segments connecting these areas. Three-dimensional roads within and between the intersection areas are generated hierarchically. Experiments and comparative analyses were conducted using real-world outdoor trajectory datasets. Results show that the proposed method has higher accuracy in extracting 3D road information than existing methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi14040175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T20:05:56Z","timestamp":1744920356000},"page":"175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Three-Dimensional Outdoor Pedestrian Road Network Map Construction Based on Crowdsourced Trajectory Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9780-0439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianbo","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geo-Informatics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geo-Informatics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geo-Informatics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Center of Natural Resources Affairs, Changsha 410029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Third Surveying and Mapping Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha 410007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianbing","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100194, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100194, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2013.11.062","article-title":"Perceptions of the Urban Walking Environments","volume":"105","author":"Ariffin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia-Soc. 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