{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T23:22:29Z","timestamp":1780356149639,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Project of Technology Innovation Center for Spatio-temporal Information and Equipment of Intelligent City","award":["STIEIC-KF202305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STIEIC-KF202305"]}]},{"name":"Open Project of Technology Innovation Center for Spatio-temporal Information and Equipment of Intelligent City","award":["LMEE-KF2023001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LMEE-KF2023001"]}]},{"name":"Open Project of Technology Innovation Center for Spatio-temporal Information and Equipment of Intelligent City","award":["LMEE-KF2023004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LMEE-KF2023004"]}]},{"name":"Open Project of Technology Innovation Center for Spatio-temporal Information and Equipment of Intelligent City","award":["KJ-2024006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ-2024006"]}]},{"name":"Open Project of Technology Innovation Center for Spatio-temporal Information and Equipment of Intelligent City","award":["2023YFC3805303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3805303"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Monitoring, Evaluation and Early Warning of Territorial Spatial Planning Implementation, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["STIEIC-KF202305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STIEIC-KF202305"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Monitoring, Evaluation and Early Warning of Territorial Spatial Planning Implementation, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["LMEE-KF2023001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LMEE-KF2023001"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Monitoring, Evaluation and Early Warning of Territorial Spatial Planning Implementation, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["LMEE-KF2023004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LMEE-KF2023004"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Monitoring, Evaluation and Early Warning of Territorial Spatial Planning Implementation, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["KJ-2024006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ-2024006"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Monitoring, Evaluation and Early Warning of Territorial Spatial Planning Implementation, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["2023YFC3805303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3805303"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Chongqing Municipal Planning and Natural Resources Bureau in 2024","award":["STIEIC-KF202305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STIEIC-KF202305"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Chongqing Municipal Planning and Natural Resources Bureau in 2024","award":["LMEE-KF2023001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LMEE-KF2023001"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Chongqing Municipal Planning and Natural Resources Bureau in 2024","award":["LMEE-KF2023004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LMEE-KF2023004"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Chongqing Municipal Planning and Natural Resources Bureau in 2024","award":["KJ-2024006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ-2024006"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Chongqing Municipal Planning and Natural Resources Bureau in 2024","award":["2023YFC3805303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3805303"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["STIEIC-KF202305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STIEIC-KF202305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LMEE-KF2023001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LMEE-KF2023001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LMEE-KF2023004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LMEE-KF2023004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KJ-2024006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ-2024006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC3805303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3805303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Geographic Information System (GIS)-based noise management is crucial in urban environments as it provides precise spatial analysis, helping to identify noise hotspots and optimize noise control measures. By integrating noise propagation models with GIS technology, dynamic simulation and visualization of noise distribution can be achieved, offering scientific support for urban planning and noise management. Most existing noise prediction models fail to fully account for three-dimensional (3D) spatial information and a wide range of environmental factors. As a result, there are often discrepancies between the actual noise measurements at monitoring points and the predicted values generated by these models. Furthermore, there is a lack of a system that can effectively integrate noise data with three-dimensional scenes for simulation. This paper proposes a new method to simulate urban noise propagation, aiming to achieve more accurate noise prediction and visualization in a three-dimensional environment. First, we computed the preliminary noise propagation based on a traffic noise model. Next, machine learning techniques were applied to analyze the relationship between noise discrepancies and multi-modal factors, thereby improving the accuracy of environmental noise level estimation. Based on this, we developed an urban noise simulation system. The system integrates functions such as noise simulation, traffic simulation, and weather changes, enabling accurate noise visualization within a three-dimensional virtual environment. Experimental results demonstrate that this method enhances the accuracy of urban noise prediction and visualization, providing users with a more comprehensive understanding of the spatial distribution of urban noise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi14060223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T03:57:34Z","timestamp":1749009454000},"page":"223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Machine Learning-Enhanced 3D GIS Urban Noise Mapping with Multi-Modal Factors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jianping","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Smart City, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China"},{"name":"Technology Innovation Center for Spatio-Temporal Information and Equipment of Intelligent City, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chongqing 401120, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzhe","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Smart City, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Smart City, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengwang","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Smart City, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Smart City, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Smart City, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9851-5530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dunxin","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China"},{"name":"China Academy of Urban Planning and Design, Western Branch, Chongqing 401120, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63045","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-15208-3","article-title":"A study on the assessment of traffic noise induced annoyance and awareness levels about the potential health effects among residents living around a noise-sensitive area","volume":"28","author":"Gilani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-018-0208-x","article-title":"Environmental Noise Exposure and Neurodevelopmental and Mental Health Problems in Children: A Systematic Review","volume":"5","author":"Mehrparvar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107160","article-title":"Impact of road traffic noise on annoyance and preventable mortality in European cities: A health impact assessment","volume":"162","author":"Khomenko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.4103\/1463-1741.104897","article-title":"Effects of environmental noise on sleep","volume":"14","author":"Hume","year":"2012","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76001","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP10197","article-title":"Environmental Noise and Effects on Sleep: An Update to the WHO Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"130","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.02.034","article-title":"Noise annoyance--a modifier of the association between noise level and cardiovascular health?","volume":"452\u2013453","author":"Babisch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106974","article-title":"Transportation noise exposure and cardiovascular mortality: 15-years of follow-up in a nationwide prospective cohort in Switzerland","volume":"158","author":"Vienneau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davri, A.I., Petropoulos, G.P., Detsikas, S.E., Kalogeropoulos, K., and Faka, A. (2024). Spatial distribution of noise levels in the Historic Centre of Athens in Greece using geoinformation technologies. Geographical Information Science, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-13605-4.00012-6"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsatsaris, A., Kalogeropoulos, K., Stathopoulos, N., Louka, P., Tsanakas, K., Tsesmelis, D.E., Krassanakis, V., Petropoulos, G.P., Pappas, V., and Chalkias, C. (2021). Geoinformation Technologies in Support of Environmental Hazards Monitoring under Climate Change: An Extensive Review. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10020094"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"096088","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.9.096088","article-title":"Urban vegetation cover extraction from hyperspectral imagery and geographic information system spatial analysis techniques: Case of Athens, Greece","volume":"9","author":"Petropoulos","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Farca\u015f, F., and Sivertunb, \u00c5. (2009, January 3\u20134). Road Traffic Noise: GIS Tools for Noise Mapping and a Case Study for Sk\u00e5ne Region. Proceedings of the ISPRS Workshop on Quality, Scale and Analysis Aspects of City Models, Lund, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2017.07.023","article-title":"Environmental traffic noise modelling of Dhanbad township area\u2014A mathematical based approach","volume":"129","author":"Debnath","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Monitoring and mapping noise levels of university campus in central part of India","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Air Pollut. Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60905","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-35243-0","article-title":"Traffic noise prediction model using GIS and ensemble machine learning: A case study at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Campus","volume":"31","author":"Almansi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022). Compendium of WHO and Other UN Guidance on Health and Environment, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2019.11.025","article-title":"Modeling traffic noise in a mountainous city using artificial neural networks and gradient correction","volume":"78","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7358","DOI":"10.1021\/es200785x","article-title":"Mapping urban environmental noise: A land use regression method","volume":"45","author":"Xie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1177\/09574565211052693","article-title":"Traffic noise models and noise guidelines: A review","volume":"53","author":"Ibili","year":"2021","journal-title":"Noise Vib. Worldw."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10807","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-023-07826-5","article-title":"An intelligent hybridized computing technique for the prediction of roadway traffic noise in urban environment","volume":"27","author":"Umar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-022-10858-0","article-title":"An intelligent soft computing technique for prediction of vehicular traffic noise","volume":"15","author":"Umar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.102917","article-title":"Roadway traffic noise modelling in the hot hyper-arid Arabian Gulf region using adaptive neuro-fuzzy interference system","volume":"97","author":"AlKheder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108852","article-title":"Artificial intelligence based ensemble model for prediction of vehicular traffic noise","volume":"180","author":"Nourani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navarro, J.M., and Pita, A. (2023). Machine Learning Prediction of the Long-Term Environmental Acoustic Pattern of a City Location Using Short-Term Sound Pressure Level Measurements. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13031613"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, P., Ahmad, K., Khan, A.H., Khan, N.A., and Dehghani, M.H. (2021). 2D and 3D mapping of traffic induced noise near major roads passing through densely populated residential area of South Delhi, India. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248939"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2019.06.016","article-title":"Urban big data fusion based on deep learning: An overview","volume":"53","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0198-9715(01)00038-2","article-title":"Noise mapping and GIS: Optimising quality and efficiency of noise effect studies","volume":"27","author":"Stoter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018385312751","article-title":"Disturbance by traffic of breeding birds: Evaluation of the effect and considerations in planning and managing road corridors","volume":"6","author":"Reijnen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shim, E., Kim, D., Woo, H., and Cho, Y. (2016). Designing a Sustainable Noise Mapping System Based on Citizen Scientists Smartphone Sensor Data. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161835"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-682X(00)00030-X","article-title":"A critical review of some traffic noise prediction models","volume":"62","author":"Steele","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2007.08.003","article-title":"Converting the UK calculation of road traffic noise (CORTN) to a model capable of calculating LAeq,1h for the Tehran\u2019s roads","volume":"69","author":"Givargis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2014.02.001","article-title":"A critical review of principal traffic noise models: Strategies and implications","volume":"46","author":"Garg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1250\/ast.31.2","article-title":"Road traffic noise prediction model \u201cASJ RTN-Model 2008\u201d: Report of the Research Committee on Road Traffic Noise","volume":"31","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acoust. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.02.031","article-title":"Advances in the development of common noise assessment methods in Europe: The CNOSSOS-EU framework for strategic environmental noise mapping","volume":"482\u2013483","author":"Kephalopoulos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.3813\/AAA.918298","article-title":"NMPB-Routes-2008: The Revision of the French Method for Road Traffic Noise Prediction","volume":"96","author":"Dutilleux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Acust. United Acust."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2009). Technical Guidelines for Noise Impact Assessment (Standard No. HJ 2.4-2009)."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"31","article-title":"Rapid Modeling Method for Road Traffic Noise Sources: A case study in Beijing","volume":"2","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Noise Mapp."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2014.01.006","article-title":"Vehicular traffic noise modeling using artificial neural network approach","volume":"40","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2016.10.020","article-title":"Neural based contingent valuation of road traffic noise","volume":"50","author":"Mosquera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2017.04.014","article-title":"Modeling roadway traffic noise in a hot climate using artificial neural networks","volume":"53","author":"Hamad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.110905","article-title":"Integrating random forests and propagation models for high-resolution noise mapping","volume":"195","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sieber, C., Ragettli, M.S., Brink, M., Toyib, O., Baatjies, R., Saucy, A., Probst-Hensch, N., Dalvie, M.A., and Roosli, M. (2017). Land Use Regression Modeling of Outdoor Noise Exposure in Informal Settlements in Western Cape, South Africa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201708.0035.v1"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.104959","article-title":"Application of land-use regression models to estimate sound pressure levels and frequency components of road traffic noise in Taichung, Taiwan","volume":"131","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107111","article-title":"Application of land use regression to map environmental noise in Shanghai, China","volume":"161","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Staab, J., Stark, T., Wurm, M., Wolf, K., Dallavalle, M., Schady, A., Lakes, T., and Taubenb\u00f6ck, H. (2023, January 17\u201319). Using CNNs on Sentinel-2 data for road traffic noise modelling. Proceedings of the 2023 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE), Heraklion, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/JURSE57346.2023.10144160"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2022.108849","article-title":"An auto-encoder based LSTM model for prediction of ambient noise levels","volume":"195","author":"Tiwari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-682X(01)00066-4","article-title":"A GIS based road traffic noise prediction model","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2012.04.012","article-title":"A GIS tool for modeling anthropogenic noise propagation in natural ecosystems","volume":"37","author":"Reed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2014.12.022","article-title":"Development of an open-source road traffic noise model for exposure assessment","volume":"74","author":"Gulliver","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bocher, E., Guillaume, G., Picaut, J., Petit, G., and Fortin, N. (2019). NoiseModelling: An Open Source GIS Based Tool to Produce Environmental Noise Maps. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201902.0087.v1"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.102793","article-title":"Open-source modeling chain for the dynamic assessment of road traffic noise exposure","volume":"94","author":"Can","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2300536","article-title":"Intelligent Noise Mapping for Smart Cities: Solutions, Trends, and Research Opportunities","volume":"62","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ascari, E., Cerchiai, M., Gorrasi, P., Longo, A., Mencagli, G., Miccoli, F., and Zappatore, M. (2024, January 3\u20137). OUTFIT: Crowdsourced Data Feeding Noise Maps in Digital Twins. Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Flexible Resource and Application Management on the Edge, Pisa, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/3659994.3660312"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"5","article-title":"Comparative Study on Game Engines","volume":"1","author":"Barczak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stud. Inform."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soni, L., and Kaur, A. (2024, January 18\u201319). Merits and Demerits of Unreal and Unity: A Comprehensive Comparison. Proceedings of the 2024 International Conference on Computational Intelligence for Green and Sustainable Technologies (ICCIGST), Vijayawada, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCIGST60741.2024.10717602"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stephens, R. (2020, January 7\u201311). Creating an acoustic simulation of the noise pollution affecting a residential area. Proceedings of the 179th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Virtual.","DOI":"10.1121\/2.0001530"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.116240","article-title":"Comparison of Road Traffic Noise prediction models: CNOSSOS-EU, Nord2000 and TRANEX","volume":"270","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"269","article-title":"Analysis on CNOSSOS-EU Traffic Noise Prediction Model","volume":"34","author":"Xuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Noise Vib. Control"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119375","article-title":"Geospatial analysis for environmental noise mapping: A land use regression approach in a metropolitan city","volume":"257","author":"Gharehchahi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Shargabi, A.A., Almhafdy, A., AlSaleem, S.S., Berardi, U., and Ali, A.A.M. (2023). Optimizing Regression Models for Predicting Noise Pollution Caused by Road Traffic. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su151310020"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49666","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-25509-4","article-title":"A hybrid deep leaning model for prediction and parametric sensitivity analysis of noise annoyance","volume":"30","author":"Tiwari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113367","article-title":"Comparison of land use regression and random forests models on estimating noise levels in five Canadian cities","volume":"256","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"11","article-title":"Prediction of Si content of blast furnace hot metal based on data-driven approach","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Baosteel Technol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.14","article-title":"Ridge regression","volume":"1","author":"McDonald","year":"2009","journal-title":"WIREs Comp. Stat."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"4908","article-title":"Exploring the carbon emission reduction effects, drivers, and peak carbon strategies in China\u2019s energy structure transformation","volume":"24","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Saf. Environ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2015.82","article-title":"Statistical modeling of the spatial variability of environmental noise levels in Montreal, Canada, using noise measurements and land use characteristics","volume":"26","author":"Ragettli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"(2012). Technical Specifications for Environmental Noise Monitoring, Routine Monitoring for Urban Environmental Noise (Standard No. HJ 640-2012)."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/14\/6\/223\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:46:17Z","timestamp":1760031977000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/14\/6\/223"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi14060223"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi14060223","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]}}}