{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T04:53:43Z","timestamp":1776401623296,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanghai Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project","award":["2023BCK011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BCK011"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project","award":["2024BCK001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024BCK001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rural landscape perception is of great significance in understanding the emotional connection between people and rural local environments. Seeking to rectify the problem of incomplete or biased results owing to the separation of objective and subjective landscape perception in previous studies, this study took the village of Chongming District in Shanghai, China, as an example and built an evaluation model that integrated four dimensions and 20 indicators of objective and subjective landscape perception, and used machine learning technology to analyze street view images. Subjective perception has been influenced by landscape color, style, and element perception. Notable spatial disparities have been observed in the distribution of rural landscape indicators across Chongming. This study refines key subjective and objective factors affecting rural landscape perception, and the model provides a new method for the perception evaluation of complex landscapes, providing a theoretical basis and practical reference for rural landscape planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi14070251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T10:03:48Z","timestamp":1751277828000},"page":"251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Rural Local Landscape Perception Evaluation: Integrating Street View Images and Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Suning","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"College of Urban Design, Shanghai Art & Design Academy, Shanghai 201808, China"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Art Design and Media, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China"}]},{"given":"Yuxi","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13667","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-022-02641-8","article-title":"A typology of metropolitan spatial structure: A systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Dadashpoor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"42","article-title":"Out of the plight of \u201cpassive ubanization\u201d by midwestern metropolitan suburban areas in China","volume":"4","author":"Pan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urban Planning Forum"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-2046(99)00069-9","article-title":"Landscape changes in a rural area in China","volume":"47","author":"Zhou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, S.U., Zhang, L., and Pang, J. (2024). The spatial\u2013temporal evolution of the trade-offs and synergy between the suburban rural landscape\u2019s production\u2013living\u2013ecological functions: A case study of Jiashan in the Yangtze River Delta eco-green integrated development demonstration zone, China. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202407.2047.v1"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1422","article-title":"Rural spatial governance for territorial spatial planning in China: Mechanisms and path","volume":"76","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"45","article-title":"Measurement and spatial distribution of perception in urban blocks from the perspective of landscape service","volume":"29","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Landsc. Archit."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00045604709351940","article-title":"Terrae Incognitae: The place of the imagination in geography","volume":"37","author":"Wright","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"111","article-title":"Study on the Effect of travel writings on the placeness of tourist destination: A case study of Qufu","volume":"33","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Areal Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"2366","article-title":"Research on the process of trans-local food culture production: Based on the perspective of symbolic authenticity","volume":"32","author":"Zeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Oakes, T., and Schein, L. (2006). Trans-Local China: Linkages, Identities, and the Reimagining of Space, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Tuan, Y.F. (1977). Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience, University of Minnesota Press."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Appleton, J. (1975). The Experience of Landscape, Wiley-Blackwell."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Steiner, F.R., Young, G.H., and Zube, E.H. (2000). Ecological Planning: Linking Ecology with Land Use, Island Press."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2024.105246","article-title":"A novel method of urban landscape perception based on the biological vision process","volume":"254","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darby, W.J. (2020). Landscape and Identity: Geographies of Nation and Class in England, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003135852"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"87","article-title":"Comparative study of landscape character assessment and historic landscape characterisation and its inspiration to China","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landsc. Archit."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1032","article-title":"The scenic beauty features and the ascension paths of beautiful rural landscape in the north of Anhui Province","volume":"44","author":"Yao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anhui Agric. Univ."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"44","article-title":"Progress of chinese rural landscape characteristic system research in recent 20 years","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Landsc. Archit."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"242","article-title":"Visual perception characteristics and influence factors of rural landscapes: An example of the Longpu rice terraces in the Ziquejie of Hunan province","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Northwest For. Univ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1080\/13504509.2020.1727989","article-title":"Urbanization diverges residents\u2019 landscape preferences but towards a more natural landscape: Case to complement landsenses ecology from the lens of landscape perception","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s40558-021-00218-1","article-title":"The use of 360-degree virtual tours to promote mountain walking tourism: Stimulus-organism-response model","volume":"24","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inf. Technol. Tour."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.29055","article-title":"An explainable artificial intelligence-based approach for reliable damage detection in polymer composite structures using deep learning","volume":"46","author":"Muhammad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Zhang, L.Y. (2020). Research on Perception of Traditional Cityscape Characteristics Based on Multi-Source Urban Big Data, China University of Mining and Technology."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naik, N., Philipoom, J., Raskar, R., and Hidalgo, C. (2014, January 23\u201328). Street score-predicting the perceived safety of one million streetscapes. Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Columbus, OH, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2014.121"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10850","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2023.3261988","article-title":"Diffusion models in vision: A survey","volume":"45","author":"Croitoru","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8377","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-024-18679-x","article-title":"Frequency-importance gaussian splatting for real-time lightweight radiance field rendering","volume":"83","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"669","article-title":"Sustainable development and tourists\u2019 satisfaction in historical districts influencing factors and features","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Resour. Ecol."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/14\/7\/251\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:00:34Z","timestamp":1760032834000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/14\/7\/251"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi14070251"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi14070251","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]}}}