{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:55:25Z","timestamp":1791946525424,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017414","name":"Beijing Municipal Social Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21SRC024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21SRC024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017414","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rapid advancement of urbanization in China, the demand for community-based elderly care facilities (CECFs) has been increasing. One pressing challenge is the question of how to provide CECFs that not only meet the health needs of the elderly but also make efficient use of limited urban land resources. This study addresses this issue by adopting an integrated multi-method research framework that combines multi-objective optimization (MOO) algorithms, Spearman rank correlation analysis, ensemble learning methods (Random Forest combined with SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), where SHAP enhances the interpretability of ensemble models), and Self-Organizing Map (SOM) neural networks. This framework is employed to identify optimal building configurations and to examine how different architectural parameters influence key daylight performance indicators\u2014Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI) and Daylight Factor (DF). Results indicate that when UDI and DF meet the comfort thresholds for elderly users, the minimum building area can be controlled to as little as 351 m2 and can achieve a balance between natural lighting and spatial efficiency. This ensures sufficient indoor daylight while mitigating excessive glare that could impair elderly vision. Significant correlations are observed between spatial form and daylight performance, with factors such as window-to-wall ratio (WWR) and wall thickness (WT) playing crucial roles. Specifically, wall thickness affects indoor daylight distribution by altering window depth and shading. Moreover, the ensemble learning models combined with SHAP analysis uncover nonlinear relationships between various architectural parameters and daylight performance. In addition, a decision support method based on SOM is proposed to replace the subjective decision-making process commonly found in traditional optimization frameworks. This method enables the visualization of a large Pareto solution set in a two-dimensional space, facilitating more informed and rational design decisions. Finally, the findings are translated into a set of practical design strategies for application in real-world projects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi14070272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T15:36:58Z","timestamp":1752161818000},"page":"272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Multi-Objective Optimization and Decision Support Framework for Natural Daylight and Building Areas in Community Elderly Care Facilities in Land-Scarce Cities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2834-9252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fang","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Art, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2147-5523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Art, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Art, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Art, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Art, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Art, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, February 21). 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