{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T20:44:49Z","timestamp":1775421889353,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous studies reported the links between the COVID-19 incidence and weather factors, but few investigated their impact and timing on mortality, at a continental scale. We systematically investigated the temporal relationship of COVID-19 mortality in the European countries in the 1st year of pandemic (March\u2013December 2020) with (i) solar insolation (W\/m2) at the ground level and (ii) objective sky cloudiness (as decimal cloud fraction), both derived from satellite measurements. We checked the correlations of these factors within a sliding window of two months for the whole period. Linear-mixed effect modeling revealed that overall, for the European countries (adjusted for latitude), COVID-19 mortality was substantially negatively correlated with solar insolation in the previous month (std. beta \u22120.69). Separately, mortality was significantly correlated with the cloudiness in both the previous month (std. beta +0.14) and the respective month (std. beta +0.32). This time gap of \u223c1 month between the COVID-19 mortality and correlated weather factors was previously unreported. The long-term monitoring of these factors might be important for epidemiological policy decisions especially in the initial period of potential future pandemics when effective medical treatment might not yet be available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi14080283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T15:00:42Z","timestamp":1753196442000},"page":"283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Spatial and Temporal Correlations of COVID-19 Mortality in Europe with Atmospheric Cloudiness and Solar Radiation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5987-1789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Iftime","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophysics Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6797-3902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Secil","family":"Omer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MedLife Life Memorial Hospital, Calea Grivi\u021bei 365, 010719 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3269-5375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor-Andrei","family":"Burcea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophysics Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"\u0218tefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, 030304 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8003-0442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Octavian","family":"C\u0103linescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophysics Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7161-7118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramona-Madalina","family":"Babe\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophysics Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10333","article-title":"Correlation between COVID-19 and weather variables: A meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Islam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113297","article-title":"A meta-analysis result: Uneven influences of season, geo-spatial scale and latitude on relationship between meteorological factors and the COVID-19 transmission","volume":"212","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. 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