{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:33:04Z","timestamp":1760059984384,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ride-pooling, as a sustainable mode of ride-hailing services, enables different riders to share a vehicle while traveling along similar routes. The COVID-19 pandemic led to the suspension of this service, but Transportation Network Companies (TNCs) such as Uber and Lyft resumed it after a significant delay following the lockdown. This raises the question of what determinants shape ride-pooling in the post-pandemic era and how they spatially influence shared ride-hailing compared to the pre-pandemic period. To address this gap, this study employs geospatial analysis and machine learning to examine the factors affecting ride-pooling trips in pre- and post-pandemic periods. Using over 66 million trip records from 2019 and 43 million from 2023, we observe a significant decline in shared trip adoption, from 16% to 2.91%. The results of an extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model indicate a robust capture of non-linear relationships. The SHAP analysis reveals that the percentage of the non-white population is the dominant predictor in both years, although its influence weakened post-pandemic, with a breakpoint shift from 78% to 90%, suggesting reduced sharing in mid-range minority areas. Crime density and lower car ownership consistently correlate with higher sharing rates, while dense, transit-rich areas exhibit diminished reliance on shared trips. Our findings underscore the critical need to enhance transportation integration in underserved communities. Concurrently, they highlight the importance of encouraging shared ride adoption in well-served, high-demand areas where solo ride-hailing is prevalent. We believe these results can directly inform policies that foster more equitable, cost-effective, and sustainable shared mobility systems in the post-pandemic landscape.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi14080291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T08:51:33Z","timestamp":1753692693000},"page":"291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Application of Integrated Geospatial Analysis and Machine Learning in Identifying Factors Affecting Ride-Sharing Before\/After the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Afshin","family":"Allahyari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Materials and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0142-3956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farideddin","family":"Peiravian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Materials and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.02.166","article-title":"Environmental Benefits of Taxi Ride Sharing in Beijing","volume":"174","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1080\/03081060.2023.2194874","article-title":"Ride-Pooling Adoption, Efficiency and Level of Service under Alternative Demand, Behavioural and Pricing Settings","volume":"46","author":"Cats","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. 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