{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:45:31Z","timestamp":1771807531790,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFB3904200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3904200"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["JZ2024HGTG0288"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JZ2024HGTG0288"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["42171453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171453"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2022YFB3904200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3904200"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["JZ2024HGTG0288"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JZ2024HGTG0288"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["42171453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171453"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFB3904200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3904200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JZ2024HGTG0288"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JZ2024HGTG0288"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42171453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171453"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, geographic knowledge graphs (GeoKGs) have shown great promise in representing spatio-temporal and event-driven knowledge. However, existing knowledge graph embedding approaches mainly focus on structural patterns and often overlook the dynamic evolution of entities in both time and space, which limits their effectiveness in downstream reasoning tasks. To address this, we propose a spatio-temporal evolutionary knowledge embedding approach (ST-EKA) that enhances entity representations by modeling their evolution through type-aware encoding, temporal and spatial decay mechanisms, and context aggregation. ST-EKA integrates four core components, including an entity encoder constrained by relational type consistency, a temporal encoder capable of handling both time points and intervals through unified sampling and feedforward encoding, a multi-scale spatial encoder that combines geometric coordinates with semantic attributes, and an evolutionary knowledge encoder that employs attention-based spatio-temporal weighting to capture contextual dynamics. We evaluate ST-EKA on three representative GeoKG datasets\u2014GDELT, ICEWS, and HAD. The results demonstrate that ST-EKA achieves an average improvement of 6.5774% in AUC and 5.0992% in APR on representation learning tasks. In question answering tasks, it yields a maximum average increase of 1.7907% in AUC and 0.5843% in APR. Notably, it exhibits superior performance in chain queries and complex spatio-temporal reasoning, validating its strong robustness, good interpretability, and practical application value.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi14080295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T14:50:03Z","timestamp":1753714203000},"page":"295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Spatio-Temporal Evolutionary Embedding Approach for Geographic Knowledge Graph Question Answering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chunju","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5456-5337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaoqun","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5355-2015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunqiang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0207-8800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianwei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaofu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Q., Wu, Y., Lin, P., Dong, L., and Sun, H. 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