{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T12:58:20Z","timestamp":1761397100394,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Talent Project of Gansu Provincial Organization Department","award":["2025RCXM012","42271430","41761080","2019C-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025RCXM012","42271430","41761080","2019C-04"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025RCXM012","42271430","41761080","2019C-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025RCXM012","42271430","41761080","2019C-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guidance Project of Universities in Gansu Province","award":["2025RCXM012","42271430","41761080","2019C-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025RCXM012","42271430","41761080","2019C-04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the widespread application of 3D models derived from oblique photography, the need for copyright protection and trusted transactions has risen significantly. Traditional transactions often depend on third parties, making it difficult to balance copyright protection with transaction credibility and to safeguard the rights and interests of both parties. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel trusted-transaction scheme that integrates smart contracts with zero-watermarking technology. Firstly, the skewness of the oblique-photography 3D model data is employed to construct a zero-watermark identifier, which is stored in the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) alongside encrypted data for trading. Secondly, smart contracts are designed and deployed. Lightweight information, such as IPFS data addresses, is uploaded to the blockchain by invoking these contracts, and transactions are conducted accordingly. Finally, the blockchain system automatically records the transaction process and results on-chain, providing verifiable transaction evidence. The experimental results show that the proposed zero-watermarking algorithm resists common attacks. The trusted-transaction framework not only ensures the traceability and trustworthiness of the entire transaction process but also safeguards the rights of both parties. This approach effectively protects copyright while ensuring the reliability of the transactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi14080317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T07:50:46Z","timestamp":1755676246000},"page":"317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Copyright Protection and Trusted Transactions for 3D Models Based on Smart Contracts and Zero-Watermarking"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ruigang","family":"Nan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technologies and Applications for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology in Surveying & Mapping, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7904-7044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technologies and Applications for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology in Surveying & Mapping, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianing","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technologies and Applications for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology in Surveying & Mapping, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technologies and Applications for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology in Surveying & Mapping, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3973-9929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technologies and Applications for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology in Surveying & Mapping, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuaikang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technologies and Applications for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology in Surveying & Mapping, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haoran","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technologies and Applications for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology in Surveying & Mapping, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, M., Li, F.-Y., and Zhou, H. 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