{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T04:08:11Z","timestamp":1774498091656,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation Project of China","award":["52078229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52078229"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the spatiotemporal optimization of small-scale emergency infrastructure in high-density urban environments, using nucleic acid testing sites in Macao as a case study. The objective is to enhance emergency responsiveness during future public health crises by aligning infrastructure deployment with dynamic patterns of population influx. A behaviorally informed spatial decision-making framework is developed through the integration of kernel density estimation, point-of-interest (POI) distribution, and origin\u2013destination (OD) path simulation based on an Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm. The results reveal pronounced temporal fluctuations in testing demand\u2014most notably with crowd peaks occurring around 12:00 and 18:00\u2014and highlight spatial mismatches between existing facility locations and key residential or functional clusters. The proposed approach illustrates the feasibility of coupling infrastructure layout with real-time mobility behavior and offers transferable insights for emergency planning in compact urban settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi14090322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:09:53Z","timestamp":1756080593000},"page":"322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dynamic Optimization of Emergency Infrastructure Layouts Based on Population Influx: A Macao Case Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Zheyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"On Kei","family":"Yeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China"}]},{"given":"Mengmeng","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Yitao","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Southeast University, Si-Pai-Lou 2#, Nanjing 210096, China"}]},{"given":"Sanqing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Design, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"100716","article-title":"Consensus reaching-based decision model for assessing resilient urban public health safety ecosystem with social network analysis","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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