{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T15:46:48Z","timestamp":1782748008248,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Formas","award":["Formas-2023-00094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Formas-2023-00094"]}]},{"name":"Formas","award":["Formas 2020-01460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Formas 2020-01460"]}]},{"name":"the cities of Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malm\u00f6","award":["Formas-2023-00094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Formas-2023-00094"]}]},{"name":"the cities of Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malm\u00f6","award":["Formas 2020-01460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Formas 2020-01460"]}]},{"name":"Lund University (Sweden)","award":["Formas-2023-00094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Formas-2023-00094"]}]},{"name":"Lund University (Sweden)","award":["Formas 2020-01460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Formas 2020-01460"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A large number of cities have created semantic 3D city models, but these models are rarely used as input data for simulations, such as noise and flooding, in the urban planning process. Reasons for this are that many simulations require detailed land cover (LC) and elevation data that are often not included in the 3D city models, and that there is no linkage between the elevation and land cover data. In this study, we design, implement and evaluate methods to handle LC and elevation data in a 3D city model. The LC data is stored in 2.5D or 3D in the CityGML modules Transportation, Vegetation, WaterBody, CityFurniture and LandUse, and a complete 3D LC partition is created by combining data from these modules. The entire workflow is demonstrated in the paper: creating 2D LC data, extending CityGML, creating 2.5D\/3D data from the 2D LC data, dividing the LC data into CityGML modules, storing it in a database (3DCityDB) and finally visualizing the data in Unreal Engine. The study is part of the 3CIM project where a national profile of CityGML for Sweden is created as an Application Domain Extension (ADE), but the result is generally applicable for CityGML implementations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi14090328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T10:35:17Z","timestamp":1756204517000},"page":"328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Representation of 3D Land Cover Data in Semantic City Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2266-6394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Per-Ola","family":"Olsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Calvert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City Planning Department, Fleminggatan 4, SE-104 20 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Loreman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban City Planning Office, August Palms Plats 1, SE-205 80 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"L\u00f6kholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Martinsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0081-7814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Pantazatou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Svensson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viati AB, Forskargatan 3, SE-781 70 Borl\u00e4nge, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Spielhaupter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Planning Authority, K\u00f6pmansgatan 20, SE-411 13 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Uggla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City Planning Department, Fleminggatan 4, SE-104 20 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3252-1495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Harrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W7-2023-201-2023","article-title":"Role of 3D City Model Data as Open Digital Commons: A Case Study of Openness in Japan\u2019s Digital Twin \u201cProject Plateau\u201d","volume":"XLVIII-4\/W7-2023","author":"Seto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. 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