{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T05:48:06Z","timestamp":1771048086871,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico do Maranh\u00e3o (FAPEMA)","award":["ECOSSISTE-MA_INOVACAO-11929\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECOSSISTE-MA_INOVACAO-11929\/22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Globally, land degradation represents both an environmental and socioeconomic challenge, necessitating continuous monitoring due to its impacts on ecosystem services. Given the substantial changes in land use and land cover in Maranh\u00e3o, this study aimed to evaluate land degradation across the state between 2001 and 2023, based on Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicator 15.3.1. To this end, we integrated data on land cover (LC), soil organic carbon (SOC), and land productivity (LP) using the Trends.Earth algorithm (v.2.1.16), based on datasets from the MapBiomas platform (collections 9 and Beta) and MODIS (MOD13Q1 product), along with the application of the RESTREND model for climate adjustment. The results indicated that 39.56% of Maranh\u00e3o\u2019s territory showed signs of degradation, particularly in the central and northwestern (NW) regions, as well as parts of the southern (S) region. Stable areas accounted for 26.39%, while 32.08% were classified as improving, with notable trends in the southern and southeastern (SE) regions, suggesting vegetation recovery and more sustainable land management practices. The integrated analysis of LC, SOC stocks, and land productivity sub-indicators revealed that environmental degradation in Maranh\u00e3o is strongly driven by the conversion of natural ecosystems into agricultural and livestock areas, especially in the central-eastern and NW regions. In conclusion, the findings highlight a misalignment with the SDG 15.3.1 target but also point to zones of stability and recovery, indicating potential for mitigation, restoration, and the implementation of sustainable land management strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi14090356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T11:00:00Z","timestamp":1758106800000},"page":"356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessment of Land Degradation in the State of Maranh\u00e3o to Support Sustainable Development Goal 15.3.1 in the Agricultural Frontier of MATOPIBA, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Antonia Mara Nascimento","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chapadinha Science Center, Federal University of Maranh\u00e3o, Chapadinha 65500-000, MA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9660-425X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreza Maciel de","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chapadinha Science Center, Federal University of Maranh\u00e3o, Chapadinha 65500-000, MA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcus Willame Lopes","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chapadinha Science Center, Federal University of Maranh\u00e3o, Chapadinha 65500-000, MA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Washington da Silva","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chapadinha Science Center, Federal University of Maranh\u00e3o, Chapadinha 65500-000, MA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1318-2320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos Vin\u00edcius da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chapadinha Science Center, Federal University of Maranh\u00e3o, Chapadinha 65500-000, MA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7922-9902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo Andr\u00e9","family":"de Ara\u00fajo Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chapadinha Science Center, Federal University of Maranh\u00e3o, Chapadinha 65500-000, MA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6087-6181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldair de Souza","family":"Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, Federal University of Piau\u00ed, Bom Jesus 64900-000, PI, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2611-4036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jhon Lennon Bezerra da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerrado Irrigation Graduate Program, Goiano Federal Institute, Campus Ceres, GO-154, Km 218, Rural Zone, Ceres 76300-000, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6131-7605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Francisco de","family":"Oliveira-J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Macei\u00f3 57072-260, AL, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4967-2620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00edtalo Andr\u00e9 Farias","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chapadinha Science Center, Federal University of Maranh\u00e3o, Chapadinha 65500-000, MA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2021.103689","article-title":"Exploring the Multiple Land Degradation Pathways across the Planet","volume":"220","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Sci. 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