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Through stepwise regression analysis, we identify 16 significant variables encompassing accessibility, diversity, and comfort dimensions. The Geographical and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR) model is then employed to uncover distinct spatiotemporal heterogeneity patterns, demonstrating how these factors variably influence running activities across different urban zones and time periods. The methodology and findings contribute to geospatial analysis in urban health studies while providing practical guidance for creating more inclusive, runner-friendly urban environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi14090366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T11:18:16Z","timestamp":1758539896000},"page":"366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity of Influencing Factors for Urban Spaces Suitable for Running Workouts Based on Multi-Source Big Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3344-4814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyu","family":"Di","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Landscape Architecture, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Landscape Architecture, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-090419-102529","article-title":"Understanding and responding to health literacy as a social determinant of health","volume":"42","author":"Nutbeam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. 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