{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T12:11:29Z","timestamp":1782475889090,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42501258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42501258"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52408053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52408053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22YJC760121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJC760121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22YJC760077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJC760077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SCJJ25RKX085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCJJ25RKX085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education of China","award":["42501258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42501258"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education of China","award":["52408053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52408053"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education of China","award":["22YJC760121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJC760121"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education of China","award":["22YJC760077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJC760077"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education of China","award":["SCJJ25RKX085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCJJ25RKX085"]}]},{"name":"Youth Fund for Humanities and Social Sciences","award":["42501258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42501258"]}]},{"name":"Youth Fund for Humanities and Social Sciences","award":["52408053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52408053"]}]},{"name":"Youth Fund for Humanities and Social Sciences","award":["22YJC760121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJC760121"]}]},{"name":"Youth Fund for Humanities and Social Sciences","award":["22YJC760077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJC760077"]}]},{"name":"Youth Fund for Humanities and Social Sciences","award":["SCJJ25RKX085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCJJ25RKX085"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Provincial Social Science Foundation Commissioned Project","award":["42501258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42501258"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Provincial Social Science Foundation Commissioned Project","award":["52408053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52408053"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Provincial Social Science Foundation Commissioned Project","award":["22YJC760121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJC760121"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Provincial Social Science Foundation Commissioned Project","award":["22YJC760077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJC760077"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Provincial Social Science Foundation Commissioned Project","award":["SCJJ25RKX085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCJJ25RKX085"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urban heat exposure, which intensifies with climate change, poses serious threats to public health in rapidly growing cities. Traditional assessments rely on static land surface temperature, often overlooking the role of human mobility in exposure frequency. This study introduces a travel-related heat exposure index (THEI) that combines ride-hailing trajectories and remote sensing data to capture dynamic human\u2013environment thermal interactions. Using Chengdu, China, as a case study, the THEI is combined with local indicators of spatial association to outline high-exposure risk zones (HERZ). XGBoost with SHAP and partial dependence plot (PDP) methods is also applied to identify the nonlinear effects of built environment factors. Results showed the following: (1) distinct spatial clustering of high travel-related heat exposure in central urban districts and transit hubs; (2) city-wide exposure is primarily driven by transportation accessibility and urban form, such as intersection density and floor area ratio; (3) in contrast, HERZ are more strongly associated with demographic and socioeconomic factors, including population density, housing price and road density; and (4) vegetation, measured by the normalized difference vegetation index, demonstrates a consistent negative effect across scales, highlighting its critical role in mitigating thermal risks. These findings emphasize the necessity of incorporating mobility-based exposure metrics and spatial heterogeneity into climate-resilient urban planning, with differentiated strategies tailored for city-wide versus high-risk zones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi14100372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T07:46:49Z","timestamp":1758786409000},"page":"372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Mobilities in the Heat: Identifying Travel-Related Urban Heat Exposure and Its Built Environment Drivers Using Remote Sensing and Mobility Data in Chengdu, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Planning, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojiang","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Planning, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4475-3376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Planning, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2657-4550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling","family":"Jian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Planning, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-017-0150-3","article-title":"The urban heat island: Implications for health in a changing environment","volume":"4","author":"Heaviside","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.10.086","article-title":"Coping with the impacts of urban heat islands: A literature-based study","volume":"171","author":"Icaza","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2019.03.004","article-title":"Human mobility intentions in response to heat in urban South East Asia","volume":"57","author":"Zander","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Change"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"135","article-title":"Assessment of heat exposure in cities: Combining the dynamics of temperature and population","volume":"656","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-024-00715-5","article-title":"Is home where the heat is? Comparing residence-based vs. mobility-based heat exposure","volume":"35","author":"Garber","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123002","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/abd350","article-title":"Personal assessment of urban heat exposure: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Nazarian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2019.109482","article-title":"Recent progress on urban overheating and heat island research. Integrated assessment of the energy, environmental, vulnerability and health impact. Synergies with the global climate change","volume":"207","author":"Santamouris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106573","article-title":"DTEx: A dynamic urban thermal exposure index based on human mobility patterns","volume":"155","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022EF002682","DOI":"10.1029\/2022EF002682","article-title":"Integrated assessment of urban overheating impacts on human life","volume":"10","author":"Nazarian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth Future"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s42949-024-00142-3","article-title":"The emergence of urban heat traps and human mobility in 20 US cities","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Urban Sustain."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"105657","article-title":"Unveiling nonlinear effects of built environment attributes on urban heat resilience using interpretable machine learning. Sustain","volume":"112","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"101418","article-title":"Impact of urban microclimate on walking volume by street type and heat-vulnerable age groups","volume":"47","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Urban. Clim."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1129388","article-title":"Effectiveness of travel behavior and infrastructure change to mitigate heat exposure. Front. Sustain","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Vargo, J., Hondula, D.M., and Vaidyanathan, R. (2025). Extreme heat reduces and reshapes urban mobility. arXiv, Available online: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2501.03978."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, C., Yan, J., Yuan, M., Tian, G., Wen, Q., Wang, L., and Li, L. (2025). How does built environment affect the urban heat island effect? A systematic framework integrating land use, building form, and road network. Environ. Dev. Sustain, 1\u201327.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-025-06390-2"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s42055-024-00094-7","article-title":"Understanding the synergy between heat waves and the built environment: A three-decade systematic review informing policies for mitigating urban heat island in cities","volume":"7","author":"Joshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain. Earth Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2025.106532","article-title":"Assessing the impact of land use changes on urban heat risk under different development scenarios: A case study of Guangzhou in China. Sustain","volume":"130","author":"Zou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900683","article-title":"Mapping community determinants of heat vulnerability","volume":"117","author":"Reid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morakinyo, T.E., Obe, O.B., Mills, G., and Adegun, O.B. (2025). The impact of hazard indicator selection on urban heat risk assessment: Evidence from Two Sub-Saharan African Cities. SSRN.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5303270"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2025.102328","article-title":"Assessing spatial inequities of thermal environment and blue-green intervention for vulnerable populations in dense urban areas","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Urban Clim."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102596","article-title":"Variation in ride-hailing trips in Chengdu, China","volume":"90","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"503","article-title":"Measuring the potential substitution effect of ride-hailing travel on public transport and its influencing factors: A case study of Chengdu","volume":"80","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Si, R., and Lin, Y. (2025). Exploring the spatiotemporal associations between ride-hailing demand, visual walkability, and the built environment: Evidence from Chengdu, China. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17125441"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-019-10070-2","article-title":"Ride-hailing, travel behaviour and sustainable mobility: An international review","volume":"47","author":"Tirachini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s42421-021-00041-4","article-title":"Short-term prediction of demand for ride-hailing services: A deep learning approach","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Big Data Anal. Transp."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3888800","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3888800","article-title":"Revealing the influence mechanism of urban built environment on online car-hailing travel","volume":"2022","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Discret. Dyn. Nat. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2025.104650","article-title":"Analyzing disparities in app-hailed travel during extreme heat in New York City","volume":"142","author":"Gebresselassie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transp. Res. D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"100","article-title":"Quantifying the impact of weather on ride-hailing ridership: Evidence from Haikou, China","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Travel Behav. Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2024.103971","article-title":"Resilience of ride-hailing services in response to air pollution and its association with built-environment and socioeconomic characteristics","volume":"120","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1902","article-title":"Projections of seasonal patterns in temperature-related deaths for Manhattan, New York","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15511","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c04691","article-title":"Beyond residence: A mobility-based approach for improved evaluation of human exposure to environmental hazards","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L.E., Hoffmann, P., Scheffran, J., R\u00fche, S., and Fischereit, J. (2018). An agent-based modeling framework for simulating human exposure to environmental stresses in urban areas. Urban. Sci., 2, Available online: https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2413-8851\/2\/2\/36.","DOI":"10.3390\/urbansci2020036"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106405","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure, oxidative potential in dust, and their relationships to oxidative stress in human body: A case study in the indoor environment of Guangzhou, South China","volume":"150","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1177\/23998083241280746","article-title":"A sidewalk-level urban heat risk assessment framework using pedestrian mobility and urban microclimate modeling","volume":"52","author":"Colaninno","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2024.2343063","article-title":"Mapping dynamic human sentiments of heat exposure with location-based social media data","volume":"38","author":"Lyu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2024.101871","article-title":"Dynamic estimation of urban heat exposure for outdoor jogging: Combining individual trajectory and mean radiant temperature","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Urban Clim."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Arab, P. (2025). The Mortality Effects of Daily Ambient PM2.5 Concentrations by Urbanicity in North Carolina. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Yale University]."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2025.115704","article-title":"Analysis of land surface temperature drivers in Beijing\u2019s central urban area across multiple spatial scales: An explainable ensemble learning approach","volume":"338","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T., and Guestrin, C. (2016, January 13\u201317). XGBoost: A scalable tree boosting system. Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/14\/10\/372\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:49:12Z","timestamp":1760035752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/14\/10\/372"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi14100372"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi14100372","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]}}}