{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T11:59:27Z","timestamp":1780401567125,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key R&D Program of Zhejiang","award":["2024C03234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024C03234"]}]},{"name":"Joint Funds of the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LHZY24A010001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LHZY24A010001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>China has entered a period of urban renewal, with the focus shifting from large-scale incremental construction to both upgrading existing building quality and adjusting incremental structures. There are three main types of urban renewal: demolition and reconstruction, comprehensive improvement, and organic renewal. The latter systematically optimizes and enhances urban functions, spaces, and culture through gradual renovation methods and is, therefore, suitable for use in ancient cities. To promote organic renewal, the problem of limited space resources must first be addressed, which can be resolved to a certain extent by the moderate development of underground spaces; preliminary evaluations of the development potential are also required. In consideration of the demands of organic renewal, we constructed a novel indicator system for evaluating underground space development potential (USDP) in ancient cities that assesses two dimensions: development demand and development suitability. A multi-factor comprehensive evaluation method was adopted to quantify the indicators of USDP, taking Shaoxing Ancient City (SAC) as the case study. According to the USDP evaluation, SAC can be divided into four kinds of areas: high-potential, general-potential, low-potential, and prohibited development areas. High-potential areas accounted for 16.38% of the total evaluation area and were primarily concentrated in or near key locations: train transit stations (Shaoxing Railway Station), public service facilities, evacuated land, and cultural and tourism facilities around historic districts (Shusheng Guli Historical and Cultural Street). The proposed development strategies for these areas included the interconnection of metro stations, redevelopment of relocation-related and vacated land, construction of underground cultural corridors, and supplementation of parking facilities. For developed underground spaces with low utilization efficiency, functional renewal and management improvement measures were put forward. Our method of evaluating the USDP of ancient cities and the strategies proposed to optimize the utilization of underground space can provide reference examples for SAC and other similar ancient cities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi14100384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T07:58:13Z","timestamp":1759305493000},"page":"384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of Underground Space Resources in Ancient Cities from the Perspective of Organic Renewal: A Case Study of Shaoxing Ancient City"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1331-4917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiuxiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Spatial Planning and Design, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiduo","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Territorial Planning Institute of Shaoxing City, Shaoxing 312099, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanjie","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Homedale Urban Planning & Architects Co., Ltd. of BMICPD, Beijing 100025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuxiu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Spatial Planning and Design, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China"},{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3097-0476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Spatial Planning and Design, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Spatial Planning and Design, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2013.08.006","article-title":"A review of recent studies on sustainable urban renewal","volume":"41","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, Z.Y., Liu, G.W., Lang, W., Shrestha, A., and Martek, I. (2017). Strategic Approaches to Sustainable Urban Renewal in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Shenzhen, Chinal. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9081460"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"38","article-title":"Improvement of the Vitality of Public Space under the Background of Urban Renewal","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Landsc. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Wu, L.Y. (1994). The Old City of Beijing and Juer Hutong Neighbourhood, China Architecture & Building Press."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Wang, X.Y. (2023). Inheriting the Context and Revitalizing the Environment: An Exploration of the Organic Combination of Cultural Context Inheritance and Urban Renewal\u2014Taking the Historical and Cultural Block of Nanshijie and Ciguling in the Ancient City of Ganzhou as an Example, Urban Planning Society of China."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Zhou, M.W. (2023). Research on the Organic Renewal Strategy of Suzhou Ancient City from the Perspective of Park City, Urban Planning Society of China."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Xue, H.W. (2023). Research on Renewal and Reconstruction of Taizhou Ancient District Under the Concept of \u201cOrganic Renewal\u201d. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Yunnan Agricultural University]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, S.M., Li, J.Q., Wang, M.H., and Ma, H. (2023). Post-Renewal Evaluation of an Urbanized Village with Cultural Resources Based on Multi Public Satisfaction: A Case Study of Nantou Ancient City in Shenzhen. Land, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/land12010211"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"36","article-title":"The Current Situation, Protection and Renewal Strategy about Old Jingzhou: The Update of Dongdi Street in the Old South Gate for Example","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"South Archit."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1108\/JPMD-07-2020-0071","article-title":"Re-scripting Riyadh\u2019s Historical Downtown as a Global Destination: A Sustainable Model?","volume":"15","author":"Klingmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Place Manag. Dev."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Strategic Thinking of Urban Underground Space Exploration and Safe Utilization","volume":"3","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"East China Geol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2017.08.027","article-title":"Present Status and Development Trends of Underground Space in Chinese Cities: Evaluation and Analysis","volume":"71","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Chicago AreaTransportation Study (2024, September 05). The Chicago Area Rail System-1976 to 2006. Available online: https:\/\/www.catsmpo.com\/."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Tricoire, J. (1999). Le Metro de Paris:1899\u20131911: Images de la Construction, Paris-Mus\u00e9es-RATP."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2018.07.024","article-title":"Urban Utility Tunnels as a Long-term Solution for the Sustainable Revitalization of Historic Centres: The Case Study of Pamplona-Spain","volume":"81","author":"Valdenebro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"200","article-title":"Research on the Protection of the Historical and Cultural City of Suzhou","volume":"20","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind. Sci. Trib."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2023.105500","article-title":"Post-occupancy Evaluation of User Satisfaction: Case Studies of 10 Urban Underground Complexes in China","volume":"143","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"79","article-title":"Planning Theory and Key Technology for the Development of Underground Spaces in Urban Historic Conservation Area","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urban Dev. Stud."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Tong, L.X., and Zhu, W.J. (2009). The Evaluation and Develop Planning of Urban Underground Space Resources, Architecture & Building Press."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"397","article-title":"Review of Assessment of Urban Underground Space Resources","volume":"3","author":"Jia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. J. Undergr. Space Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"219","article-title":"Evaluation Model for the Suitability of Underground Space Resources Exploitation and Utilization","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. J. Undergr. Space Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"194","article-title":"Evaluation of Urban Underground Space of Guangzhou City: Its Development and Utilization","volume":"53","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Northwest. Geol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2025.106428","article-title":"The Research on the Evaluation Framework and Application of Urban Three-dimensional (Aboveground and Underground) Regeneration Sensitivity\u2014Taking Kunshan Old City in China as an example","volume":"159","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Lin, M.N. (2019). Evaluation of Urban Underground Space Development Potential in Kunming City. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Kunming University of Science and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1412","article-title":"Evaluation Model of Comprehensive Potential of Underground Space Development in Coastal Cities","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Undergr. Space Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"48","article-title":"Research on the Development Model and Strategy of Underground Space in Ancient Cities Based on Organic Renewal Theory","volume":"38","author":"Hong","year":"2024","journal-title":"China Anc. City"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"86","article-title":"Planning the Development of Underground Space","volume":"7","author":"Sterling","year":"1982","journal-title":"Undergr. Space"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-009-0118-1","article-title":"Integrated Evaluation of Urban Development Suitability Based on Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques: Contribution from the Analytic Hierarchy Process","volume":"4","author":"Youssef","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2016.01.021","article-title":"From Hydro\/geology to the Streetscape: Evaluating Urban Underground Resource Potential","volume":"55","author":"Doyle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. Inc. Trenchless Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1896","article-title":"Current Situation and Development of Urban Underground Space Suitability Evaluation","volume":"46","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Man, Z. (2020). Research on Demand Evaluation and Development Strategy of Guangzhou Underground Space Based on Points of Interest. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Jinan University]."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Zheng, Q. (2013). A Study on City Underground Space Development Potential\u2014Taking Tianfu New Area as an Example. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Sichuan Agricultural University]."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"203","article-title":"Suitability Evaluation Method for Historic Relic Underground Space Resource Development","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Army Eng. Univ. PLA"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"688","article-title":"Evaluation for the Suitability of Underground Space Exploitation and Utilization Based on AHP","volume":"6","author":"Pang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Undergr. Space Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1122","article-title":"Evaluation on Development Potential of Urban Underground Space Resource: Multi-level Grey Approach","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Tongji Univ."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"116","article-title":"Research on the Development Potential of Urban Underground Space","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Constr. Econ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, M., Ren, W.Y., Xia, W.Q., Fu, J., Zhu, H., Sun, P., Wang, K., and Xu, M. (2024). Suitability Evaluation of Urban Underground Space Development: A Case Study of Qingdao City. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14156617"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Wang, Z.L. (2019). Study on Implementability Evaluation of Underground Space in Historical and Cultural Blocks Based on GIS: A Case Study of Tianjin Downtown Area. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Tianjin University]."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1437","article-title":"Evaluation of Underground Space Development in Historical District Based on AHP","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Undergr. Space Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Li, X.Z., Zhao, X.B., Wu, W.B., Cao, L., and Li, H.Q. (2012, January 7\u20139). Evaluation of Geo-environmental Suitability for the Development of Underground Space in Suzhou. Proceedings of the 13th World Conference of Associated-Research-Centers-for-the-Urban-Underground-Space (ACUUS), Singapore."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Xie, Z.Q., and Hou, Z.Q. (2022). Evaluation of Carrying Capacity for Urban Underground Space Planning and Development, Science Press."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1180","article-title":"Evaluation and Planning of Underground Space Resources in Highly-Built Areas From Perspective of Multi-`Dimensional Value: A Case Study of Core Area in Beijing, China","volume":"45","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tunn. Constr."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"9","article-title":"Study on Assessment of Urban Underground Space Resources in Wuhu City","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Undergr. Space Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"232","article-title":"Value Differentiation Characteristics and Evaluation Methods of Urban Underground Space Development Considering Geological Factors\u2014Taking Jiangdong New District of Haikou City as an Example","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saf. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"63","article-title":"Value Characteristics and Evaluation Methods of Urban Underground Space Development with Geological Factors as the Core","volume":"44","author":"You","year":"2025","journal-title":"Value Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Wu, W.B. (2012). Research on The Evaluation for Underground Space Resource in Suzhou Urban Planning Area. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Nanjing University]."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"99","article-title":"Historical District Preservation and Underground Space Development","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Planners"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"36","article-title":"Evaluation on Demand Degree of Urban Underground Space based on the POI Data: A Case Study in Jinan City","volume":"32","author":"Qi","year":"2018","journal-title":"China Land Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"202","article-title":"Evaluation of Development and Utilization Potential of Underground Space","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Surv. Mapp."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Zou, L. (2017). Guide to Methods for Evaluating Underground Space Resources and Forecasting Demand, Architecture & Building Press."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Wan, H.B. (2013). The Strategy Research on Urban Underground Space in High-Density Area. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Tianjin University]."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"113","article-title":"Evaluation Index System of Urban Underground Space: A Case Study of Nantong City","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hefei Univ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2017.08.037","article-title":"Monetary valuation of urban underground space: A critical issue for the decision\u2014making of urban underground space development","volume":"69","author":"Qiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/14\/10\/384\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T08:38:56Z","timestamp":1759307936000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/14\/10\/384"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi14100384"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi14100384","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}}}