{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:10:40Z","timestamp":1760159440097,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42101437","2024YFC3212200","242300421041","241111321100","25IRTSTHN008","kfj230701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101437","2024YFC3212200","242300421041","241111321100","25IRTSTHN008","kfj230701"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["42101437","2024YFC3212200","242300421041","241111321100","25IRTSTHN008","kfj230701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101437","2024YFC3212200","242300421041","241111321100","25IRTSTHN008","kfj230701"]}]},{"name":"Henan Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China","award":["42101437","2024YFC3212200","242300421041","241111321100","25IRTSTHN008","kfj230701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101437","2024YFC3212200","242300421041","241111321100","25IRTSTHN008","kfj230701"]}]},{"name":"Henan Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["42101437","2024YFC3212200","242300421041","241111321100","25IRTSTHN008","kfj230701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101437","2024YFC3212200","242300421041","241111321100","25IRTSTHN008","kfj230701"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Team Project of Henan\u2019s Higher Education Institutions for the Year 2025","award":["42101437","2024YFC3212200","242300421041","241111321100","25IRTSTHN008","kfj230701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101437","2024YFC3212200","242300421041","241111321100","25IRTSTHN008","kfj230701"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of the Engineering Laboratory of Spatial Information Technology for Highway Geological Disaster Early Warning in Hunan Province","award":["42101437","2024YFC3212200","242300421041","241111321100","25IRTSTHN008","kfj230701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101437","2024YFC3212200","242300421041","241111321100","25IRTSTHN008","kfj230701"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urban park green space (UPGS) is a key component of urban green infrastructure, yet it faces multiple contradictions, such as insufficient quantity and uneven distribution. Taking Zhengzhou City as a case study, this research explored the impacts of temporal thresholds and the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) on UPGS accessibility and equity. An improved multi-modal Gaussian two-step floating catchment area (G2SFCA) method was employed to measure UPGS accessibility, while the Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve were used to analyze its equity. The results show that (1) UPGS presents a dual-core agglomeration feature, with accessibility blind spots surrounding the edge of the study area and relatively low equity in the western and southern regions; (2) changes in temporal thresholds and spatial scales have a significant impact on UPGS accessibility (p &lt; 0.001), whereas their impact on equity is minor; and (3) UPGS distribution suffers from spatial imbalance, with a huge disparity in resource allocation. This study overcomes the limitations of traditional evaluation methods that rely on a single mode or ignore scale effects and provides a more scientific analytical framework for accurately identifying the spatial heterogeneity of UPGS accessibility and the imbalance between supply and demand.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi14100392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:54:31Z","timestamp":1760028871000},"page":"392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Study on Accessibility and Equity of Park Green Spaces in Zhengzhou"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yafei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenyu","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3630-2440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4383-0974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaoyang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"Engineering Laboratory of Spatial Information Technology of Highway Geological Disaster Early Warning in Hunan Province, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenkai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingfeng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0227-4940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunfei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Laboratory of Spatial Information Technology of Highway Geological Disaster Early Warning in Hunan Province, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1446-2914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongqiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, S.B., Zeng, P., Xie, X.L., and Chen, D.D. (2024). Equitable evaluation of supply-demand and layout optimization of urban park green space in high-density linear large city. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0310015"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441002","DOI":"10.1142\/S012918312441002X","article-title":"Research on optimization strategies for urban park green space planning in Nanjing based on GIS from the perspectives of network analysis and Thiessen polygon theory","volume":"36","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mod. Phys. C"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, Y., Qin, J., Wu, Y., and Wang, K. (2023). Analysis of Urban Park Accessibility Based on Space Syntax: Take the Urban Area of Changsha City as an Example. Land, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/land12051061"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2024.112124","article-title":"Exploring the disparities in urban park accessibility from multiple demand perspectives: A case study in Beijing, China","volume":"163","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeon, Y., and Jung, S. (2024). Spatial Equity of Urban Park Distribution: Examining the Floating Population within Urban Park Catchment Areas in the Context of the 15-Minute City. Land, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/land13010024"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, G., He, G., and Zhang, X. (2024). Assessing the Spatial Equity of Urban Park Green Space Layout from the Perspective of Resident Heterogeneity. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16135631"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3627","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.5156","article-title":"An assessment of urban park accessibility using multi-source data in Hefei, China: A social equity perspective","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Jiang, H., Wang, M., Xiong, Y., Zhu, A., and Wang, F. (2025). Assessment of Spatial Equality and Social Justice of Urban Park Distribution from Park Category Perspective: Evidence from Shanghai, China. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17125474"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2020.103898","article-title":"Supply and demand assessment of urban recreation service and its implication for greenspace planning-A case study on Guangzhou","volume":"203","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.109855","article-title":"Contribution of non-park green space to the equity of urban green space accessibility","volume":"146","author":"Ke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/01944365908978307","article-title":"How Accessibility Shapes Land Use","volume":"25","author":"Hansen","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Am. Inst. Plan."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1068\/a300595","article-title":"Assessing spatial equity: An evaluation of measures of accessibility to public playgrounds","volume":"30","author":"Talen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. A"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2025.103408","article-title":"Exploring how distribution pattern of urban green space relates to accessibility, utilization and health: Diagnostic planning for sustainable city living in KMC, India","volume":"161","author":"Ali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2022.127550","article-title":"Refining the accessibility evaluation of urban green spaces with multiple sources of mobility data: A case study in Shenzhen, China","volume":"70","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103024","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.03024-2021","article-title":"Green and blue spaces and lung function in the Generation XXI cohort: A life-course approach","volume":"60","author":"Almeida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2023.103007","article-title":"A time interval metric for cumulative opportunity accessibility","volume":"157","author":"Tomasiello","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9380884","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9380884","article-title":"Reliability of Accessibility: An Interpreted Approach to Understanding Time-Varying Transit Accessibility","volume":"2022","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Adv. Transp."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Yu, P., Chen, Y., Jing, Y., and Zeng, F. (2022). Accessibility of Park Green Space in Wuhan, China: Implications for Spatial Equity in the Post-COVID-19 Era. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095440"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, W., Cheng, Y., Xu, C., and Zhang, J. (2023). The Seasonal Migrants Spatially Affect the Park Green Space Accessibility and Equity under Different Travel Modes: Evidence from Sanya, China. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12100423"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asej.2023.102556","article-title":"Examining equity of walking accessibility to green spaces: A case study of Islamabad","volume":"14","author":"Khattak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ain Shams Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"904","article-title":"Gravity-based models for evaluating urban park accessibility: Why does localized selection of attractiveness factors and travel modes matter?","volume":"51","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B-Urban Anal. City Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Huang, L., and Wang, H. (2023). Accessibility Improvement and Renewal of Urban Park Green Space for the Elderly and the Disabled. Forests, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/f14091801"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.142951","article-title":"Effective or useless? Assessing the impact of park entrance addition policy on green space services from the 15-min city perspective","volume":"467","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Wei, X., and Ao, W. (2022). Assessing Park Accessibility Based on a Dynamic Huff Two-Step Floating Catchment Area Method and Map Service API. Isprs Int. J. Geo-Inf., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi11070394"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, X., Sun, Y., and Xu, C. (2021). Effects of Urbanization on the Dynamics and Equity of Access to Urban Parks from 2000 to 2015 in Beijing, China. Forests, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/f12121796"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Xie, H., Liu, X., Wang, X., and Wang, Z. (2024). From service capacity to spatial equity: Accurately and comprehensively evaluating urban park green space distribution under multi-trips mode. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296629"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"201","article-title":"Study on the Social Equity Impact Path of Community Life Circle Green Space from the Perspective of Configuration","volume":"27","author":"Ying","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Montan. Slovaca"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., and Li, J. (2024). Study on the Spatial Arrangement of Urban Parkland under the Perspective of Equity-Taking Harbin Main City as an Example. Land, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/land13020248"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Xie, Y., Sun, S., and Hu, L. (2022). Evaluation of Park Accessibility Based on Improved Gaussian Two-Step Floating Catchment Area Method: A Case Study of Xi\u2019an City. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12070871"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, S., Wu, Y., and Wang, L. (2020). Characterizing Horizontal and Vertical Perspectives of Spatial Equity for Various Urban Green Spaces: A Case Study of Wuhan, China. Front. Public Health, 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00010"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2023.107174","article-title":"Open space fragmentation in Hong Kong\u2019s built-up area: An integrated approach based on spatial horizontal and vertical equity lenses","volume":"102","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2017.11.002","article-title":"Spatio-temporal disparity between demand and supply of park green space service in urban area of Wuhan from 2000 to 2014","volume":"71","author":"Xing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8832343","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8832343","article-title":"Measures of Spatial and Demographic Disparities in Access to Urban Green Space in Harbin, China","volume":"2020","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2019.08.024","article-title":"Neighborhood-Level Analysis on the Impact of Accessibility to Fast Food and Open Green Spaces on the Prevalence of obesity","volume":"133","author":"Mylona","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, F., Zhang, F., Li, X., Wang, P., Liang, J., Mei, Y., Cheng, W., and Qian, Y. (2017). Spatiotemporal Patterns of the Use of Urban Green Spaces and External Factors Contributing to Their Use in Central Beijing. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14030237"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/03611981221150917","article-title":"GIS-Based Approach to Dynamic Accessibility: Incorporating a User Perspective to Recognize Social Equity Implications","volume":"2677","author":"Robbennolt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2024.105489","article-title":"Assessing spatial and racial equity of subway accessibility: Case study of New York City","volume":"155","author":"Baghestani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, F.-Y. (2023). Modeling walking accessibility to urban parks using Google Maps crowdsourcing database in the high-density urban environments of Hong Kong. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-48340-w"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, W., Chen, H., Yang, Z., and Liu, J. (2024). Accessibility and Equity of Park Green Spaces: Considering Differences in Walking Speeds Across Age Groups. Land, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/land13122240"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, L., Mei-Po, K., Zihan, K., and Jianying, W. (2022). Toward a Healthy Urban Living Environment: Assessing 15-Minute Green-Blue Space Accessibility. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su142416914"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1108\/OHI-03-2019-B0029","article-title":"The Accessibility of Nanjing Urban Park Based on GIS","volume":"44","author":"Kai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open House Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, S., Zhu, X., and He, Q. (2020). An Assessment of Urban Park Access Using House-Level Data in Urban China: Through the Lens of Social Equity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072349"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chuandong, T., Yuhan, T., and Xuefei, W. (2019). Evaluation of the Equity of Urban Park Green Space Based on Population Data Spatialization: A Case Study of a Central Area of Wuhan, China. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19132929"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.108231","article-title":"Evaluation of the accessible urban public green space at the community-scale with the consideration of temporal accessibility and quality","volume":"131","author":"Xin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e58761","DOI":"10.2196\/58761","article-title":"Moderation Effects of Streetscape Perceptions on the Associations Between Accessibility, Land Use Mix, and Bike-Sharing Use: Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Texier, M., Schiel, K., and Caruso, G. (2018). The provision of urban green space and its accessibility: Spatial data effects in Brussels. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204684"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, Q., Wang, Y., Xia, Y., Wu, H., and Tang, X. (2018). Detailed Assessment of the Spatial Distribution of Urban Parks According to Day and Travel Mode Based on Web Mapping API: A Case Study of Main Parks in Wuhan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15081725"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.171461","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of urban green exposure and its impact on human health: A case study on the 3-30-300 green space rule","volume":"924","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Tian, D.W., Zhang, M., and Hou, Y. (2023). Spatial Green Space Accessibility in Hongkou District of Shanghai Based on Gaussian Two-Step Floating Catchment Area Method. Buildings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13102477"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S.M., Zeng, X.Y., Zhang, X.G., Jiang, J.C., Wang, F.R., Zhang, T.C., and Zhang, J.C. (2024). Spatial Justice of Urban Park Green Space under Multiple Travel Modes and at Multiple Scales: A Case Study of Qingdao City Center, China. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16041428"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, Q., Huang, Y., Yang, G., and Chen, Y. (2022). Measuring Green Exposure Levels in Communities of Different Economic Levels at Different Completion Periods: Through the Lens of Social Equity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159611"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2024.105112","article-title":"Comparison of urban green space usage and preferences: A case study approach of China and the UK","volume":"249","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Y., Brindley, P., and Lange, E. (2022). The Influence of Socio-Demographic Factors on Preference and Park Usage in Guangzhou, China. Land, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/land11081219"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bao, Z., Bai, Y., and Geng, T. (2023). Examining Spatial Inequalities in Public Green Space Accessibility: A Focus on Disadvantaged Groups in England. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su151813507"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2023.128110","article-title":"The role of urban parks in affecting health outcomes and the differences between vulnerable groups: Evidence from the central city of Beijing","volume":"89","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, X., Li, K., Cheng, J., and Ren, Z. (2025). Demand-Responsive Evaluation and Optimization of Fitness Facilities in Urban Park Green Spaces. Buildings, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings15142500"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2017.05.010","article-title":"Social inequalities of park accessibility in Shenzhen, China: The role of park quality, transport modes, and hierarchical socioeconomic characteristics","volume":"62","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, K.A., Li, J.Z., and Yan, H.W. (2023). Measuring the Spatial Accessibility of Parks in Wuhan, China, Using a Comprehensive Multimodal 2SFCA Method. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12090357"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, K., Liu, J., Wang, D., Dai, Y., and Li, X. (2024). Analyzing the Supply and Demand Dynamics of Urban Green Spaces Across Diverse Transportation Modes: A Case Study of Hefei City\u2019s Built-Up Area. Land, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/land13111937"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, J., Liu, Y., Yi, D., Sun, S., and Zhang, J. (2020). Spatial Accessibility Analysis of Parks with Multiple Entrances Based on Real-Time Travel: The Case Study in Beijing. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12187618"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/14\/10\/392\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T04:28:15Z","timestamp":1760156895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/14\/10\/392"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi14100392"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi14100392","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2220-9964"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]}}}