{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T18:12:02Z","timestamp":1780337522415,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Project of Anhui Provincial Department of Education","award":["2022AH051821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022AH051821"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the era of big data, the rapid proliferation of user-generated content enriched with geolocations offers new perspectives and datasets for probing the spatiotemporal dynamics of tourist mobility. Mining large-scale geospatial traces has become central to tourism geography: it reveals preferences for attractions and routes to enable intelligent recommendation, enhance visitor experience, and advance smart tourism, while also informing spatial planning, crowd management, and sustainable destination development. Using Mount Huangshan\u2014a UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage site\u2014as a case study, we integrate GPS trajectories and geo-tagged photographs from 2017\u20132023. We apply a Density-Field Hotspot Detector (DF-HD), a Space\u2013Time Cube (STC), and spatial gridding to analyze behavior from temporal, spatial, and fully spatiotemporal perspectives. Results show a characteristic \u201cdouble-peak, double-trough\u201d seasonal pattern in the number of GPS tracks, cumulative track length, and geo-tagged photos. Tourist behavior exhibits pronounced elevation dependence, with clear vertical differentiation. DF-HD efficiently delineates hierarchical hotspot areas and visitor interest zones, providing actionable evidence for demand-responsive crowd diversion. By integrating sequential time slices with geography in a 3D framework, the STC exposes dynamic spatiotemporal associations and evolutionary regularities in visitor flows, supporting real-time crowd diagnosis and optimized spatial resource allocation. Comparative findings further confirm that Huangshan\u2019s seasonal intensity is significantly lower than previously reported, while the high agreement between trajectory density and gridded photos clarifies the multi-tier clustering of route popularity. These insights furnish a scientific basis for designing secondary tour loops, alleviating pressure on core areas, and charting an effective pathway toward internal structural optimization and sustainable development of the Mount Huangshan Scenic Area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi14100396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T14:34:15Z","timestamp":1760452455000},"page":"396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Harnessing GPS Spatiotemporal Big Data to Enhance Visitor Experience and Sustainable Management of UNESCO Heritage Sites: A Case Study of Mount Huangshan, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jianping","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Planning, Chizhou University, Chizhou 247000, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Agricultural Ecological Resources and Environment, Chizhou University, Chizhou 247000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Planning, Chizhou University, Chizhou 247000, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Agricultural Ecological Resources and Environment, Chizhou University, Chizhou 247000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinlan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Planning, Chizhou University, Chizhou 247000, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Agricultural Ecological Resources and Environment, Chizhou University, Chizhou 247000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huifang","family":"Rong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Planning, Chizhou University, Chizhou 247000, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Agricultural Ecological Resources and Environment, Chizhou University, Chizhou 247000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Planning, Chizhou University, Chizhou 247000, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Agricultural Ecological Resources and Environment, Chizhou University, Chizhou 247000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2020.103025","article-title":"Concpetualising overtourism: A sustainability approach","volume":"84","author":"Mihalic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. 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