{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T22:04:44Z","timestamp":1767996284069,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of Ministry of Education","award":["22JJDZS790102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JJDZS790102"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2025QC371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2025QC371"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urban streets serve as essential spaces for commercial activities and social interaction, yet the mechanisms through which their landscape elements influence consumption vitality remain insufficiently explored. Focusing on Lixia District, Jinan, China, this study integrates street-view image semantic segmentation with machine learning techniques to capture the nonlinear interactions between streetscape features and consumption vitality, thereby establishing an analytical framework for examining their associations. The results show that: (1) pedestrian-friendly facilities are significantly associated with higher street-level consumption vitality, with benches and streetlights showing marked effects once their visual proportions exceed 10% and 12%, respectively; (2) the visual proportion of parking space becomes positively associated with consumption vitality when exceeding 0.15, whereas carriageway proportion shows an overall negative association; (3) the marginal effect of advertising density gradually diminishes, with billboard visibility ratios above 25% exhibiting saturated impacts; (4) when green-view visibility exceeds 30%, consumption vitality increases substantially, peaking within the 35\u201340% range; (5) potential synergies or trade-offs exist among streetscape elements\u2014compared with individual factors, the combinations of benches and parking spaces, benches and billboards, as well as parking spaces and billboards, are associated with higher street-level consumption vitality. In contrast, combinations involving a larger sky view ratio are often linked to lower consumption vitality, suggesting that overly open spaces may weaken consumer attractiveness. This study not only extends the methodological toolkit for analyzing consumption vitality but also provides theoretical and practical guidance for the refined design and experiential construction of urban street environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi14110422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:50:19Z","timestamp":1761785419000},"page":"422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Capturing the Footsteps of Mobility: A Machine Learning-Based Study on the Relationship Between Streetscape and Consumption Vitality"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9720-8478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiming","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-024-1409-x","article-title":"Understanding Urban Vitality from the Economic and Human Activities Perspective: A Case Study of Chongqing, China","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, K.R., and Lin, Y. (2023). Exploring the Correlation between Streetscape and Economic Vitality Using Machine Learning: A Case Study in the Old Urban District of Xuzhou, China. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12070267"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foar.2024.10.006","article-title":"Pedestrian vitality characteristics in pedestrianized commercial streets-considering temporal, spatial, and built environment factors","volume":"14","author":"Lian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Archit. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Du, L., and Song, X. (2024). Identification of Urban Renewal Potential Areas and Analysis of Influential Factors from the Perspective of Vitality Enhancement: A Case Study of Harbin City\u2019s Core Area. Land, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/land13111934"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2022.106430","article-title":"What matters in the e-commerce era? Modelling and mapping shop rents in Guangzhou, China","volume":"123","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.udi.9000082","article-title":"A theory of the city as object: Or, how spatial laws mediate the social construction of urban space","volume":"7","author":"Hillier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Urban Des. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1068\/b34047t","article-title":"Studying cities to learn about minds: Some possible implications of space syntax for spatial cognition","volume":"39","author":"Hillier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Hillier, B. (2003, January 17). The Knowledge that Shapes The City: The Human City Beneath the Social City. Proceedings of the 4th International Space Syntax Symposium, London, UK."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceqi.2023.03.003","article-title":"Consumer streets: Microscopic evidence of road density and consumption vitality","volume":"3","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"China Econ. Q. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2022.103480","article-title":"Streetscape and business survival: Examining the impact of walkable environments on the survival of restaurant businesses in commercial areas based on street view images","volume":"105","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05016016","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000366","article-title":"Effect of commercial land use and accessibility factor on traffic flow in Bojnourd","volume":"143","author":"Izanloo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Urban Plan. Dev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2022.103979","article-title":"The impact of transportation on commercial activities: The stories of various transport routes in Changchun, China","volume":"132","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-6040.00034","article-title":"Cities and the creative class","volume":"2","author":"Florida","year":"2003","journal-title":"City Community"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"482","article-title":"Creativity, clusters and the competitive advantage of cities","volume":"25","author":"Martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compet. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Rachmad, Y.E. (2024). The Future of Influencer Marketing: Evolution of Consumer Behavior in the Digital World, PT. Sonpedia Publishing."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"114","article-title":"The effectiveness of advertising personalization","volume":"2","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Des. Sci. Appl. Arts"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2016.04.009","article-title":"Exploring the link between customer experience\u2013loyalty\u2013consumer spend","volume":"31","author":"Srivastava","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Retail. Consum. Serv."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Q., Hu, L., Wu, J., Shan, Q., Li, W., and Shen, K. (2024). Investigating the influencing factors of the perception experience of historical commercial streets: A case study of Guangzhou\u2019s Beijing road pedestrian street. Buildings, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14010138"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1108\/APJML-12-2022-1075","article-title":"Effect of visual crowding in packaging on consumers\u2019 buying intention","volume":"36","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Mark. Logist."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Kaplan, S. (1993). The role of natural environment aesthetics in the restorative experience. Managing Urban and High-Use Recreation Settings, Forest Service, USDA."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4009(84)90034-2","article-title":"Impact of urban nature: A theoretical analysis","volume":"8","author":"Kaplan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Urban Ecol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-2046(93)90016-7","article-title":"The role of nature in the context of the workplace","volume":"26","author":"Kaplan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2024.103287","article-title":"Investigating the effects of urban morphology on vitality of community life circles using machine learning and geospatial approaches","volume":"167","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2024.105491","article-title":"Identification of 71 factors influencing urban vitality and examination of their spatial dependence: A comprehensive validation applying multiple machine-learning models","volume":"108","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2021.101716","article-title":"Cultivating historical heritage area vitality using urban morphology approach based on big data and machine learning","volume":"91","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2021.101706","article-title":"Classification of urban morphology with deep learning: Application on urban vitality","volume":"90","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114375","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-30123-5","article-title":"The nonlinear relationship between air quality and housing prices by machine learning","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhumale, R., Thombare, N., and Bangare, P. (2019, January 25\u201326). Machine learning: A way of dealing with Artificial Intelligence. Proceedings of the 2019 1st International Conference on Innovations in Information and Communication Technology (ICIICT), Chennai, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIICT1.2019.8741360"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2023.104419","article-title":"Nonlinear relationships and interaction effects of an urban environment on crime incidence: Application of urban big data and an interpretable machine learning method","volume":"91","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"141","article-title":"The Varying Relationships between Multidimensional Urban Form and Urban Vitality in Chinese Megacities: Insights from a Comparative Analysis","volume":"112","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Assoc. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s10940-021-09506-9","article-title":"Measuring the built environment with Google Street View and machine learning: Consequences for crime on street segments","volume":"38","author":"Hipp","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Quant. Criminol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2024.105204","article-title":"Nonlinear and threshold effects of the built environment, road vehicles and air pollution on urban vitality","volume":"253","author":"Doan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-025-2338-z","article-title":"Examining the impact of urban environment on healthy vitality of outdoor running based on street view imagery and urban big data","volume":"35","author":"Gu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2023.110761","article-title":"Prediction approach on pedestrian outdoor activity preference under factors of public open space integrated microclimate","volume":"244","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2020.102428","article-title":"Objective scoring of streetscape walkability related to leisure walking: Statistical modeling approach with semantic segmentation of Google Street View images","volume":"66","author":"Nagata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3258","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.2980426","article-title":"Real-time high-performance semantic image segmentation of urban street scenes","volume":"22","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2022.104291","article-title":"Using street view images to examine the association between human perceptions of locale and urban vitality in Shenzhen, China","volume":"88","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"103476","article-title":"Deep exploration of street view features for identifying urban vitality: A case study of Qingdao city","volume":"123","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2024.128289","article-title":"Evaluating implied urban nature vitality in San Francisco: An interdisciplinary approach combining census data, street view images, and social media analysis","volume":"95","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103656","article-title":"Exploring the association between street built environment and street vitality using deep learning methods","volume":"79","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2020.102302","article-title":"The association between spatial attributes and neighborhood characteristics based on Meituan take-out data: Evidence from shanghai business circles","volume":"58","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Retail. Consum. Serv."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8441844","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8441844","article-title":"Research on intelligent recommendation business model of tourism enterprise value platform from the perspective of value cocreation","volume":"2021","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2021.104217","article-title":"Street view imagery in urban analytics and GIS: A review","volume":"215","author":"Biljecki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, B., Misra, I., Schwing, A.G., Kirillov, A., and Girdhar, R. (2022, January 3\u20137). Masked-attention mask transformer for universal image segmentation. Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, Denver, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.00135"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2022.2091484","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between the built environment and block vitality based on multi-source big data: An analysis in Shenzhen, China","volume":"13","author":"Lv","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.2012.07348.x","article-title":"Collinearity: A review of methods to deal with it and a simulation study evaluating their performance","volume":"36","author":"Dormann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2013.12.027","article-title":"A study on multiple linear regression analysis","volume":"106","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prathanrat, P., and Polprasert, C. (2018, January 21\u201324). Performance prediction of Jupyter notebook in JupyterHub using machine learning. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Intelligent Informatics and Biomedical Sciences (ICIIBMS), Bangkok, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIIBMS.2018.8550030"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e623","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.623","article-title":"The coefficient of determination R-squared is more informative than SMAPE, MAE, MAPE, MSE and RMSE in regression analysis evaluation","volume":"7","author":"Chicco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Peerj Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, Y., Wang, Z., and Zhu, D. (2024). Exploring the Impact of Urban Amenities on Business Circle Vitality Using Multi-Source Big Data. Land, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/land13101616"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1080\/17421772.2017.1265663","article-title":"Retail city: The relationship between place attractiveness and accessibility to shops","volume":"12","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spat. Econ. Anal."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/13574809.2022.2072716","article-title":"Which architectural style makes an attractive street scape? Aesthetic preferences among city centre managers","volume":"28","author":"Loodin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Urban Des."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carmona, M. (2021). Public Places Urban Spaces: The Dimensions of Urban Design, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315158457"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1080\/13467581.2021.1944872","article-title":"Research on dynamic visual attraction evaluation method of commercial street based on eye movement perception","volume":"21","author":"Xiangmin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Asian Archit. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2021.103482","article-title":"The six dimensions of built environment on urban vitality: Fusion evidence from multi-source data","volume":"121","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2019.03.009","article-title":"Impact of urban street lighting on road users\u2019 perception of public space and mobility behavior","volume":"154","author":"Markvica","year":"2019","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1108\/APJML-10-2023-1031","article-title":"The impact of live background visual complexity on consumer purchase intention: An eye-tracking study","volume":"36","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Mark. Logist."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, H., and Zhu, X. (2019). Exploring the relationship between urban vitality and street centrality based on social network review data in Wuhan, China. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11164356"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/14\/11\/422\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T01:07:46Z","timestamp":1761786466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/14\/11\/422"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi14110422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi14110422","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]}}}