{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T19:21:06Z","timestamp":1774725666448,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["2025ZNSFSC0325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZNSFSC0325"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Society of Surveying and Mapping Geoinformation Project","award":["CCX202502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCX202502"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Society of Surveying and Mapping Geoinformation Project","award":["CCX202505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCX202505"]}]},{"name":"Task-based Research Project of the Department of Natural Resources of Sichuan Province","award":["ZDKJ-2025-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDKJ-2025-004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three-dimensional (3D) building models are essential for urban planning, spatial analysis, and virtual simulations. However, most reconstruction methods based on Airborne LiDAR Scanning (ALS) rely primarily on rooftop information, often resulting in distorted footprints and the omission of fa\u00e7ade semantics such as windows and doors. To address these limitations, this study proposes an automatic 3D building reconstruction method driven by fa\u00e7ade geometry. The proposed method introduces three key contributions: (1) a fa\u00e7ade-guided footprint generation strategy that eliminates geometric distortions associated with roof projection methods; (2) robust detection and reconstruction of fa\u00e7ade openings, enabling reliable identification of windows and doors even under sparse ALS conditions; and (3) an integrated volumetric modeling pipeline that produces watertight models with embedded fa\u00e7ade details, ensuring both structural accuracy and semantic completeness. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves geometric deviations at the decimeter level and feature recognition accuracy exceeding 97%. On average, the reconstruction time of a single building is 91 s, demonstrating reliable reconstruction accuracy and satisfactory computational performance. These findings highlight the potential of the method as a robust and scalable solution for large-scale ALS-based urban modeling, offering substantial improvements in both structural precision and semantic richness compared with conventional roof-based approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi14120462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T10:46:18Z","timestamp":1764067578000},"page":"462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Automatic Reconstruction of 3D Building Models from ALS Point Clouds Based on Fa\u00e7ade Geometry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tingting","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"},{"name":"Surveying and Mapping Technology Service Center, Sichuan Bureau of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation, Chengdu 611756, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1447-3290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}]},{"given":"Muzi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geography Resource Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China"}]},{"given":"Zhilin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beil, C., and Kolbe, T.H. 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