{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T15:40:05Z","timestamp":1777650005571,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sustainable Canadian Agriculture Program (SCAP), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Small Island Developing States (SIDSs) in the Latin American and Caribbean region remain among the most vulnerable to climate change, as increasingly frequent and severe disasters threaten infrastructure, human life, and progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals. Addressing these risks requires urgent regional and localized approaches grounded in coordinated climate risk assessment, anticipatory action, and Earth observation science-informed modeling with key support from a strong global community of practice. However, barriers remain to achieving local adaptation measures, including global action measures that conclude before local uptake of climate resilience practices are realized, reinforcing cycles of project impermanence. In this paper, we detail a Jamaica-focused case study that articulates such barriers impeding science and data-informed disaster risk reduction strategies, policies, and durable project implementation. The case study was a longitudinal co-development initiative led by a team of Jamaican and international interdisciplinary, cross-sector experts on climate-related disasters in SIDS. Using principles of co-design, discourse analysis, and systems thinking, the study underscores the need for a place-based framework that centers relevant sectors of society and often-marginalized voices as foundational to bottom-up climate resilience. The resulting Relationship and Place-Based Framework offers a model for localized climate science and technology development and ethical international collaboration for climate action that emphasizes local ownership and self-determination, as bottom-to-top feedback loops are key for managing multi-hazard dynamics and residual risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi14120485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T15:30:07Z","timestamp":1765207807000},"page":"485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Building Climate Solutions Through Trustful, Ethical, and Localized Co-Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2587-1147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christy","family":"Caudill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre (GCRC), Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6116-4912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheila","family":"Avalon-Cullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Graduate Center, Bronx Community College, CUNY Remote Sensing Earth Systems Institute, The City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1268-8407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carol","family":"Archer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of the Built Environment, University of Technology, Jamaica, 237 Old Hope Road, Kingston 6, Jamaica"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9207-6736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rose-Anne","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Geology, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3398-2245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathaniel K.","family":"Newlands","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Summerland Research and Development Centre, Science and Technology Branch, Government of Canada (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada), 4200 Highway 97, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6334-8790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Teresa","family":"Birthwright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Belmont Forum, 227 Belmont Ave, Cloverdale, WA 6105, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9561-3640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter L.","family":"Pulsifer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre (GCRC), Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0461-1354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Enenkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20433, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"UNDRR (2020, July 17). Our World at Risk Transforming Governance for a Resilient Future, Global Assessment Report (GAR). Available online: https:\/\/www.undrr.org\/gar\/gar2022-our-world-risk-gar#container-actions.","DOI":"10.18356\/9789210015059c007"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"United Nations (2024, October 12). UN SDG Targets and Indicators: SDG 13: Take Urgent Action to Combat Climate Change and Its Impacts. Available online: https:\/\/sdgs.un.org\/goals\/goal13#targets_and_indicators."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) (2024, January 15). REAP Anticipatory Action: The Enabling Environment Case Studies (Jamaica). Available online: https:\/\/www.early-action-reap.org\/reap-anticipatory-action-enabling-environment-case-studies-jamaica."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"CCRIF (2025, January 03). Sagicor Insurance Managers Limited, Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility. Available online: https:\/\/www.ccrif.org\/about-us?language_content_entity=en."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2025, March 31). UNESCO Science Report: The Race Against time for Smarter Development; Executive Summary-UNESCO Digital Library. Available online: https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000377250."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Massa, S.I., Marinescu, G.S., Fuller, G., Bermont D\u00edaz, L., and Lafortune, G. (2024, February 01). Sustainable Development Report for SIDS 2023: Addressing Structural Vulnerability and Financing the SDGs in Small Island Developing States, United Nations; UNOPS, Small Island Developing States. Available online: https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/sustainabledevelopment.report\/2023\/2023-sustainable-development-report-for-small-island-developing-states.pdf."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, September 26). Jamaica [Country Overview]. Available online: https:\/\/data.who.int\/countries\/388."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avalon-Cullen, C., Caudill, C.M., Newlands, N.K., and Enenkel, M. (2023). Big Data, Small Island: Earth Observations for Improving Flood and Landslide Risk Assessment in Jamaica. Geosciences, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences13030064"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3390\/geohazards5010005","article-title":"ENSO Impacts on Jamaican Rainfall Patterns: Insights from CHIRPS High-Resolution Data for Disaster Risk Management","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"GeoHazards"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Planning Institute of Jamaica (2023, March 15). Vision 2030 Jamaica: National Development Plan, Available online: https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.jm\/."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"UNDRR (2023). Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: Pathways for Sustainable Development and Policy Coherence in the Caribbean Region Through Comprehensive Risk Management, United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Carby, B., Burrell, D., and Samuels, C. (2012). Jamaica: Country Document on Disaster Risk Reduction, Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management and Jamaica Red Cross."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-196807000-00014","article-title":"The Discovery of Grounded Theory; Strategies for Qualitative Research","volume":"17","author":"Glaser","year":"1968","journal-title":"Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Finidori, H., and Tuddenham, P. (2017, January 23\u201325). Pattern Literacy in Support of Systems Literacy\u2014An approach from a Pattern Language perspective. Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Pattern Language of Programs (PLoP), Vancouver, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"7","article-title":"What is a number, that a man may know it, and a man, that he may know a number? Systems Community of Inquiry","volume":"26","author":"McCulloch","year":"1961","journal-title":"Gen. Semant. Bull."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bateson, G. (2000). Steps to an Ecology of Mind: Collected Essays in Anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution, and Epistemology, University of Chicago Press. Available online: https:\/\/press.uchicago.edu\/ucp\/books\/book\/chicago\/S\/bo3620295.html.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226924601.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2006.22083020","article-title":"From the editors: What grounded theory is not","volume":"49","author":"Suddaby","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"22173","article-title":"Grounded Theory: Description, Divergences and Application","volume":"27","author":"Cullen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Account. Financ. Gov. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2013.07.001","article-title":"Transdisciplinary global change research: The co-creation of knowledge for sustainability","volume":"5","author":"Mauser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"ICSU: Future Earth Research for Global Sustainability (2023, November 22). Draft Research Framework. Available online: http:\/\/www.icsu.org\/future-earth\/whats-new\/events\/documents\/draft-research-framework."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-019-0448-2","article-title":"Principles for knowledge co-production in sustainability research","volume":"3","author":"Cvitanovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woodall, L.C., Talma, S., Steeds, O., Stefanoudis, P., Jeremie-Muzungaile, M.-M., and de Comarmond, A. (2021). Co-development, co-production and co-dissemination of scientific research: A case study to demonstrate mutual benefits. Biol. Lett., 17.","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2020.0699"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"48652","article-title":"Prescod Digital inclusion in Caribbean digital transformation frameworks and initiatives: A review","volume":"122","author":"Alexander","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stud. Perspect. Ser.-ECLAC Subregional Hqrs. Caribb."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashby, W.R. (1956). An Introduction to Cybernetics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.5851"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Wiener, N. (1988). The Human Use of Human Beings: Cybernetics and Society, Hachette Books."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s11213-024-09669-z","article-title":"Prefiguring the Design of Freedom: An Informational Theory Approach to Socio-Political Cybernetics; Analysing the Messages in 2021 Colombian Uprisings","volume":"37","year":"2024","journal-title":"Syst. Pract. Action Res."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Spradley, J.P. (1980). Participant Observation, Holt, Rinehart and Winston."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gill, R. (2000). Discourse Analysis. Qualitative Researching with Text, Image and Sound: A Practical Handbook for Social Research, SAGE. Chapter 10.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781849209731.n10"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, G., and Yule, G. (1983). Discourse Analysis, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511805226"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X013005020","article-title":"Drawing Valid Meaning from Qualitative Data: Toward a Shared Craft","volume":"13","author":"Miles","year":"1984","journal-title":"Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.24043\/isj.52","article-title":"Islandness within climate change narratives of small island developing states (SIDS)","volume":"13","author":"Kelman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Isl. Stud. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1177\/1070496519835895","article-title":"Adaptation to Climate Change in Small Island Developing States: A Systematic Literature Review of Academic Research","volume":"28","author":"Nunn","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2018.03.030","article-title":"Climate change adaptation in small island developing states: Insights and lessons from a meta-paradigmatic study","volume":"85","author":"Robinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Campbell, J.R. (2025, March 29). Dealing with Disaster: Hurricane Response in Fiji. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10125\/21944."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Gane, M. (1975). Report of a Mission to Assess the Hurricane Factor for Planning Purposes in Fiji, University of Bradford, Disaster Research Unit."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Heewitt, K. (2025, March 29). Interpretations of Calamity: From the Viewpoint of Human Ecology; Routledge: Oxfordshire, UK; CRC Press: London, UK. Available online: https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Interpretations-of-Calamity-From-the-Viewpoint-of-Human-Ecoogy\/Hewitt\/p\/book\/9780367350796."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7717.1984.tb00874.x","article-title":"A multi-hazard history of Antigua","volume":"8","author":"Lewis","year":"1984","journal-title":"Disasters"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Conway, C., and O\u2019keefe, P. (1977). Natural Hazards in Windward Islands, University of Bradford, Disaster Research Unit."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birthwright, A.-T., and Smith, R.-A. (2023). Put the money where the gaps are: Priority areas for climate resilience research in the Caribbean. PLoS Clim., 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pclm.0000211"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1088","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-20-0263.1","article-title":"The Humanitarian Sector Needs Clear Job Profiles for Climate Science Translators Now More than Ever","volume":"103","author":"Enenkel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1108\/DPM-07-2022-0156","article-title":"Governing systemic and cascading disaster risk in Indonesia: Where do we stand and future outlook","volume":"32","author":"Triyanti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disaster Prev. Manag. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"P\u00f6rtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E.S., Mintenbeck, K., Alegr\u00eda, A., Craig, M., Langsdorf, S., L\u00f6schke, S., and M\u00f6ller, V. (2022). Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"IPBES Secretariat (2025, January 12). Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Available online: https:\/\/www.ipbes.net\/."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-021-00884-9","article-title":"Urgent need for post-growth climate mitigation scenarios","volume":"6","author":"Hickel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.13021\/G8K018","article-title":"Leaning In\u2019 as Imperfect Allies in Community Work","volume":"1","author":"Reynolds","year":"2013","journal-title":"Confl. Narrat. Explor. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez, D., and Cuitzeo, M. (2022). A Cybercartographic Atlas of the Sky: Cybercartography, Interdisciplinary and Collaborative Work among the Pa Ipai Indigenous Families from Baja California, Mexico. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi11030167"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/14\/12\/485\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T15:51:27Z","timestamp":1765209087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/14\/12\/485"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi14120485"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi14120485","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]}}}