{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T05:17:16Z","timestamp":1767244636467,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["42271430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271430"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["42371463"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42371463"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Key Talent Project of the Gansu Provincial Organization Department","award":["2025RCXM012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025RCXM012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Existing vector geographic data transaction schemes are typically merchant-controlled, hindering fair ownership tracing and impartial arbitration. To address this, we propose an asymmetric digital fingerprinting scheme based on smart contracts. In our approach, the user encrypts a proof fingerprint with a public key and sends it to the merchant; the merchant leverages the additive homomorphic property of the Paillier cryptosystem to embed the encrypted user fingerprint into an encrypted portion of the vector data while embedding a tracking fingerprint into the plaintext portion. The combined data is delivered to the user, who uses their private key to decrypt the encrypted part and obtain the plaintext data containing both fingerprints. This design enables tracing of unauthorized distribution without exposing the user\u2019s fingerprint in plaintext, preventing malicious accusations. By leveraging blockchain immutability and smart contract automation, the scheme supports secure, transparent transactions and decentralized arbitration without third-party involvement, thereby reducing collusion risk and protecting both parties\u2019 rights.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi15010015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T14:08:11Z","timestamp":1767190091000},"page":"15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Asymmetric Fingerprint Scheme for Vector Geographic Data Based on Smart Contracts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technologies and Application for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou 730070, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7904-7044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technologies and Application for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou 730070, China"}]},{"given":"Ruitao","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technologies and Application for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou 730070, China"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technologies and Application for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou 730070, China"}]},{"given":"Shuaikang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technologies and Application for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou 730070, China"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"81","article-title":"Digital fingerprint algorithm for vector spatial data using GD-PBIBD coding","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. 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