{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T10:10:49Z","timestamp":1767348649816,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key R&D Program of Zhejiang","award":["2024C03234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024C03234"]}]},{"name":"Joint Funds of the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LHZY24A010001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LHZY24A010001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Against the global backdrop of urbanization and sustainable development, urban parks\u2014key public spaces for carbon sequestration, heat island mitigation, and public health promotion\u2014have made their service performance a critical metric for evaluating urban human settlement quality. However, traditional evaluations relying on static questionnaires and aggregate indicators often fail to capture the spatiotemporal dynamics of park usage and complex supply\u2013demand relationships. To address this gap, this study developed a three-dimensional dynamic evaluation model (\u201cVitality Level, Demand Matching, Service Supply\u201d) for 59 urban parks in Gongshu District, Hangzhou, integrating multi-source data (mobile phone signaling, POIs, park vectors, demographic statistics). The model includes nine indicators (e.g., Temporal Activity Difference, Vitality Stability Index) with weights determined via the entropy weight method. Empirical results show: (1) Gongshu\u2019s park service performance presents a \u201ccore-periphery\u201d spatial disparity, with high-performance parks concentrated in central areas (e.g., West Lake Culture Square) due to convenient transportation and diverse functions; (2) Performance levels vary significantly between weekdays and weekends, with higher stability on weekdays and more pronounced supply\u2013demand mismatches on weekends; (3) Time-series cross-validation and Monte Carlo simulations confirmed the model\u2019s robustness. This framework shifts park research from \u201cstatic quantitative description\u201d to \u201cdynamic performance diagnosis,\u201d providing a scientific basis for refined planning and efficient management of parks in high-density cities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi15010021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T09:56:23Z","timestamp":1767347783000},"page":"21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dynamic Evaluation of Urban Park Service Performance from the Perspective of \u201cVitality-Demand-Supply\u201d: A Case Study of 59 Parks in Gongshu District, Hangzhou"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ge","family":"Lou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Spatial Planning and Design, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China"},{"name":"School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiduo","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Territorial Planning Institute of Shaoxing City, Shaoxing 312099, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiuxiu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Spatial Planning and Design, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1331-4917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiuxiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Spatial Planning and Design, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2003.08.003","article-title":"The Role of Urban Parks for the Sustainable City","volume":"68","author":"Chiesura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Landsc. 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