{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T07:15:11Z","timestamp":1767942911649,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFB3904202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3904202"]}]},{"name":"Key Technologies for Precise Extraction of Aerospatial Information in 3D Spatiotemporal Scenarios and Application Demonstration","award":["2025C01073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025C01073"]}]},{"name":"Geospatial Change Remote Sensing Intelligent Extraction Technology Platform and Application Project","award":["2024ZRBSHZ154"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZRBSHZ154"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Crowdsensing data serves as a crucial resource for supporting spatiotemporal applications and services. However, its inherent heterogeneity and quality uncertainty present significant challenges for data usability assessment: the evaluation methods are difficult to standardize due to the diverse types of data; assessment dimensions are predominantly confined to internal quality attributes; and a comprehensive framework for data usability evaluation remains lacking. To address these challenges, this study proposes an innovative, multi-layered usability assessment framework applicable to six major categories of crowdsensing data: specialized spatial data, Internet of Things (IoT) sensing data, trajectory data, geographic semantic web, scientific literature, and web texts. Building upon a systematic review of existing research on data quality and usability, our framework conducts a comprehensive evaluation of data efficiency, effectiveness, and satisfaction from dual perspectives\u2014data sources and content. We present a complete system comprising primary and secondary indicators and elaborate on their computation and aggregation methods. Indicator weights are determined through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and expert consultations, with sensitivity analysis performed to validate the robustness of the framework. The practical applicability of the framework is demonstrated through a case study of constructing a spatiotemporal knowledge graph, where we assess all six types of data. The results indicate that the framework generates distinguishable usability scores and provides actionable insights for improvement. This framework offers a universal standard for selecting high-quality data in complex decision-making scenarios and facilitates the development of reliable spatiotemporal knowledge services.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi15010029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T14:02:51Z","timestamp":1767794571000},"page":"29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Usability Assessment Framework for Crowdsensing Data and the Implicit Spatiotemporal Information"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4586-9887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"},{"name":"Moganshan Geospatial Information Laboratory, Huzhou 313200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"National Quality Inspection and Testing Center for Surveying and Mapping Products, Beijing 100830, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jixian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"},{"name":"Moganshan Geospatial Information Laboratory, Huzhou 313200, China"},{"name":"National Geomatics Center of China, Beijing 100830, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Quality Inspection and Testing Center for Surveying and Mapping Products, Beijing 100830, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yahang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moganshan Geospatial Information Laboratory, Huzhou 313200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1099","article-title":"The basic connotation and empowerment mechanism of spatio-temporal information","volume":"79","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. 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